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Science

Quantum walks on a superconducting circuit

Ian S. Osborne

Published May 23, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Electronics Quantum walks generate large-scale quantum superposed states. This allows for classically unavailable applications, such as simulating many-body quantum systems, and also yields quantum algorithms exponentially faster than classical computation. Yan et al. demonstrate quantum walks of one and two strongly correlated microwave photons in a one-dimensional array of 12 superconducting qubits with short-range interactions. The scalability of the superconducting platform could lead to large-scale implementations and the quantum simulation of complex systems. Science , this issue p. [753][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaw1611

DOI
10.1126/science.364.6442.746-b

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Quantum Electronics
Quantum walks generate large-scale quantum superposed states. This allows for classically unavailable applications, such as simulating many-body quantum systems, and also yields quantum algorithms exponentially faster than classical computation. Yan et al. demonstrate quantum walks of one and two strongly correlated microwave photons in a one-dimensional array of 12 superconducting qubits with short-range interactions. The scalability of the superconducting platform could lead to large-scale implementations and the quantum simulation of complex systems.
Science , this issue p. 753
Quantum walks are the quantum analogs of classical random walks, which allow for the simulation of large-scale quantum many-body systems and the realization of universal quantum computation without time-dependent control. We experimentally demonstrate quantum walks of one and two strongly correlated microwave photons in a one-dimensional array of 12 superconducting qubits with short-range interactions. First, in one-photon quantum walks, we observed the propagation of the density and correlation of the quasiparticle excitation of the superconducting qubit and quantum entanglement between qubit pairs. Second, when implementing two-photon quantum walks by exciting two superconducting qubits, we observed the fermionization of strongly interacting photons from the measured time-dependent long-range anticorrelations, representing the antibunching of photons with attractive interactions. The demonstration of quantum walks on a quantum processor, using superconducting qubits as artificial atoms and tomographic readout, paves the way to quantum simulation of many-body phenomena and universal quantum computation.
Quantum computing introduces a revolutionary approach to solving problems that are computationally beyond the reach of classical systems. Among its most promising applications is the simulation of many-body systems, where strong particle interactions lead to complex quantum behaviors. Traditional computational techniques often fail due to exponential resource requirements, but quantum simulators can efficiently model these interactions through entanglement and superposition. Recent advances in superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and photonic quantum devices have enabled small- scale experimental demonstrations of spin models, Hubbard systems, and correlated electron dynamics. These developments offer new insights into condensed matter physics and quantum phase transitions. As quantum technologies continue to evolve, they hold the potential to transform the study of materials, superconductivity, and other many-body phenomena with remarkable precision and scalability.
Quantum Physics The success of quantum computing relies on the ability to entangle large-scale systems. Various platforms are being pursued, with architectures based on superconducting qubits and trapped atoms being the most advanced. By entangling up to 20 qubits, Omran et al. and Song et al. —working with Rydberg atom qubits and superconducting qubits, respectively—demonstrate how far these platforms have reached. The demonstrated controllable generation and detection of entanglement on such quantum systems is promising for the development of large-scale quantum processors. Science , this issue p. [570][1], p. [574][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax9743 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aay0600
Quantum walks are the quantum mechanical analog of classical random walks and an extremely powerful tool in quantum simulations, quantum search algorithms, and even for universal quantum computing. In our work, we have designed and fabricated an 8-by-8 two-dimensional square superconducting qubit array composed of 62 functional qubits. We used this device to demonstrate high-fidelity single- and two-particle quantum walks. Furthermore, with the high programmability of the quantum processor, we implemented a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where the quantum walker coherently traverses in two paths before interfering and exiting. By tuning the disorders on the evolution paths, we observed interference fringes with single and double walkers. Our work is a milestone in the field, bringing future larger-scale quantum applications closer to realization for noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors.
Quantum Devices To date, the most promising solid-state approaches for developing quantum information-processing systems have been based on the circulating supercurrents of superconducting circuits and manipulating the spin properties of electrons in semiconductor quantum dots. Hays et al. combined the desirable aspects of both approaches, the scalability of the superconducting circuits and the compact footprint of the quantum dots, to design and fabricate a superconducting spin qubit (see the Perspective by Wendin and Shumeiko). This so-called Andreev spin qubit provides the opportunity to develop a new quantum information processing platform. Science , abf0345, this issue p. [430][1]; see also abk0929, p. [390][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abf0345 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abk0929
Quantum Optics A quantum walk is the quantum mechanical analog of a classical random walk, describing the propagation of quantum walkers (photons) through an optical circuit. Because quantum walks generate large-scale quantum superposed states, they can be used for simulating many-body quantum systems and the development of algorithms for quantum computation. Nejadsattari et al. describe the photonic simulation with cyclic quantum systems. Using a multiple-site optical system, they explored the wave function dynamics and the probability distribution of quantum walkers as they loop through the system from site to site. With the ability to simulate a variety of different quantum operations and gates, they claim that the versatility of the approach should allow the study of more complex many-body systems. Optica 6 , 174 (2019).