Entanglement detection is crucial and a necessity in the context of quantum information and quantum computation. This important task has proved to be quite hard for quantum systems of dimensions higher than 2×3, in which case, there exists well established necessary and sufficient conditions like Peres-Horodecki criterion.To tackle this challenge for bipartite systems, we introduce a mathematical framework to reduce the problem to entanglement in a two qubit system. This is done by mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit without increasing entanglement. The mapping is expressed in terms of expectation values of three arbitrary operators in the original state. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such mapping to be valid from physical point of view, providing thence a versatile tool for dimension reduction in various applications.Our main use of this formalism is as a gate way to derive entanglement criteria for bipartite or multi-partite systemas based on existing ones derived for qubit systems. By mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit, applying entanglement criteria known for qubits on the resulting state automatically gives us entanglement criteria in terms of the chosen operators used to implement the mapping.For the multi-partite case, we focus on spin squeezing inequalities for qubits to derive entanglement criteria for general systems. However, when applying our formalism to this case, an interesting situation arises where one is able to obtain coherent superposition of multi-partite qubit states with different particle number. Hence, to derive better entanglement criteria, we had to consider quantum and/or classical fluctuationsthat may be exhibited by the particle number operator. We derive generalized form of Sørensen-Mølmer’s criterion and of spin squeezing inequalities for fluctuating particle number in terms of arbitrary collective operators. We applied our results to study entanglement in a system of ultra-cold Chromium atoms with spin s = 3 trapped in a bi-dimensional optical lattice incollaboration with Quantum Dipolar Gazes team in Laboratoire de Physique de Laser at Paris Nord 13 university. We showed, in a numerical simulation, that our generalized inequalities are able to detect entanglement in their system using collective operators. Moreover, we show that such observables can be measured using available techniques.
Entanglement detection is crucial and a necessity in the context of quantum information and quantum computation. This important task has proved to be quite hard for quantum systems of dimensions higher than 2×3, in which case, there exists well established necessary and sufficient conditions like Peres-Horodecki criterion.To tackle this challenge for bipartite systems, we introduce a mathematical framework to reduce the problem to entanglement in a two qubit system. This is done by mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit without increasing entanglement. The mapping is expressed in terms of expectation values of three arbitrary operators in the original state. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such mapping to be valid from physical point of view, providing thence a versatile tool for dimension reduction in various applications.Our main use of this formalism is as a gate way to derive entanglement criteria for bipartite or multi-partite systemas based on existing ones derived for qubit systems. By mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit, applying entanglement criteria known for qubits on the resulting state automatically gives us entanglement criteria in terms of the chosen operators used to implement the mapping.For the multi-partite case, we focus on spin squeezing inequalities for qubits to derive entanglement criteria for general systems. However, when applying our formalism to this case, an interesting situation arises where one is able to obtain coherent superposition of multi-partite qubit states with different particle number. Hence, to derive better entanglement criteria, we had to consider quantum and/or classical fluctuationsthat may be exhibited by the particle number operator. We derive generalized form of Sørensen-Mølmer’s criterion and of spin squeezing inequalities for fluctuating particle number in terms of arbitrary collective operators. We applied our results to study entanglement in a system of ultra-cold Chromium atoms with spin s = 3 trapped in a bi-dimensional optical lattice incollaboration with Quantum Dipolar Gazes team in Laboratoire de Physique de Laser at Paris Nord 13 university. We showed, in a numerical simulation, that our generalized inequalities are able to detect entanglement in their system using collective operators. Moreover, we show that such observables can be measured using available techniques.
Generalizing the well-known spin-squeezing inequalities, we study the relation between squeezing of collective N -particle s u ( d ) operators and many-body entanglement geometry in multi-particle systems. For that aim, we define the set of pseudo-separable states, which are mixtures of products of single-particle states that lie in the ( d 2 − 1 ) -dimensional Bloch sphere but are not necessarily positive semidefinite. We obtain a set of necessary conditions for states of N qudits to be of the above form. Any state that violates these conditions is entangled. We also define a corresponding s u ( d ) -squeezing parameter that can be used to detect entanglement in large particle ensembles. Geometrically, this set of conditions defines a convex set of points in the space of first and second moments of the collective N -particle s u ( d ) operators. We prove that, in the limit N ≫ 1 , such set is filled by pseudo-separable states, while any state corresponding to a point outside of this set is necessarily entangled. We also study states that are detected by these inequalities: We show that states with a bosonic symmetry are detected if and only if the two-body reduced state violates the positive partial transpose (PPT) criterion. On the other hand, highly mixed states states close to the s u ( d ) singlet are detected which have a separable two-body reduced state and are also PPT with respect to all possible bipartitions. We also provide numerical examples of thermal equilibrium states that are detected by our set of inequalities, comparing the spin-squeezing inequalities with the s u ( 3 ) -squeezing inequalities.
What is the relation between spin squeezing and entanglement? To clarify this, we derive the full set of generalized-spin-squeezing inequalities for the detection of entanglement. These are inequalities for the mean values and variances of the collective angular-momentum components Jk. They can be used for the experimental detection of entanglement in a system of spin-21 particles in which the spins cannot be individually addressed. We present various sets of inequalities that can detect all entangled states that can be detected based on the knowledge of (i) the mean values and variances of Jk in three orthogonal directions, or (ii) the variances of Jk in three orthogonal directions, or (iii) the mean values of Jk2 in three orthogonal directions, or (iv) the mean values and variances of Jk in arbitrary directions. We compare our inequalities to known spin-squeezing entanglement criteria and discuss to which extent spin squeezing is related to entanglement in the reduced two-qubit states. Finally, we apply our criteria for the detection of entanglement in spin models, showing that they can be used to detect bound entanglement in these systems.
High-dimensional entanglement has been identified as an important resource in quantum information processing, and also as a main obstacle for simulating quantum systems. Its certification is often difficult, and most widely used methods for experiments are based on fidelity measurements with respect to highly entangled states. Here, instead, we consider covariances of collective observables, as in the well-known Covariance Matrix Criterion (CMC)[1] and present a generalization of the CMC for determining the Schmidt number of a bipartite system. This is potentially particularly advantageous in many-body systems, such as cold atoms, where the set of practical measurements is very limited and only variances of collective operators can typically be estimated. To show the practical relevance of our results, we derive simpler Schmidt-number criteria that require similar information as the fidelity-based witnesses, yet can detect a wider set of states. We also consider paradigmatic criteria based on spin covariances, which would be very helpful for experimental detection of high-dimensional entanglement in cold atom systems. We conclude by discussing the applicability of our results to a multiparticle ensemble and some open questions for future work.
High-dimensional entanglement has been identified as an important resource in quantum information processing, and also as a main obstacle for simulating quantum systems. Its certification is often difficult, and most widely used methods for experiments are based on fidelity measurements with respect to highly entangled states. Here, instead, we consider covariances of collective observables, as in the well-known Covariance Matrix Criterion (CMC) \cite{guhnecova} and present a generalization of the CMC for determining the Schmidt number of a bipartite system. This is potentially particularly advantageous in many-body systems, such as cold atoms, where the set of practical measurements is very limited and only variances of collective operators can typically be estimated. To show the practical relevance of our results, we derive simpler Schmidt-number criteria that require similar information as the fidelity-based witnesses, yet can detect a wider set of states. We also consider paradigmatic criteria based on spin covariances, which would be very helpful for experimental detection of high-dimensional entanglement in cold atom systems. We conclude by discussing the applicability of our results to a multiparticle ensemble and some open questions for future work.
Intrication dans des systèmes quantiques de grande dimension La détection de l’intrication est une étape indispensable dans le contexte de l’information et du calcul quantique. Cette tâche importante s’est avérée difficile pour les systèmes quantiques de grandes dimensions supérieures à 2 × 3, auquel cas il existe des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes bien établies.Notre approche consiste à réduire la dimensionalité du problème. Pour ce faire, on transforme, localement, chaque sous-système en un qubit sans créer de l’intrication. Le mapping est exprimé en fonction des valeurs moyennes de trois opérateurs arbitraires dans l’état original. Nous donnons des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour que cette transformation soit valide d'un point de vue physique. Nous exploitons ce formalisme pour dériver des critères d’intrication pour des systèmes bipartites ou multipartites sur la base des critères existants pour les qubits.En transformant localement chaque sous-système, l’application de critères d’intrication connus pour les qubits à l’état résultant induit automatiquement des critères d’intrication en fonction d’opérateurs utilisés pour réaliser le mapping.Pour le cas multipartite, on s’intéresse aux inégalités de compression de spin. Cependant, lorsqu’on applique notre formalisme à ce cas, il est possible d’obtenir une superposition cohérente d’états avec un nombre de particules différent. Par conséquent, pour obtenir de meilleurs critères, nous avons dû prendre en compte les fluctuations quantiques et/ou classiques que l’opérateur du nombre de particules peut présenter. Nous avons dérivé une forme généralisée des inégalités de spin squeezing pour un nombre de particules fluctuant et opérateurs collectifs arbitraires. Nous avons appliqué nos résultats à un système d’atomes de chrome ultrafroids piégés dans un réseau optique, en collaboration avec l’équipe Gazes Dipolaires Quantiques du Laboratoire LPL de l’Université Paris Nord 13. Nous avons montré, dans une simulation numérique, que nos inégalités généralisées sont capables de détecter l’intrication à l’aide d’opérateurs collectifs mesurables en utilisant des techniques accessibles dans dans ce type de dispositif.
Abstract This paper investigates the problem of nonlocality detection for high-dimensional quantum states. To overcome the complexity of measurement settings and Bell-operator optimization in high-dimensional systems, we propose a nonlocality detection framework based on dimensional reduction and chained Bell inequalities. By employing local projection operators, arbitrary high-dimensional bipartite quantum states are mapped onto effective two-qubit subsystems. We prove that if any projected subsystem violates a chained Bell inequality, then the original high-dimensional quantum state must be nonlocal. Furthermore, the framework is generalized to multipartite quantum systems. By projecting multipartite high-dimensional states onto effective multiqubit states and applying Svetlichny inequalities, sufficient criteria for detecting genuine multipartite nonlocality are established. Our approach significantly reduces the complexity of nonlocality detection in high-dimensional systems and provides a scalable theoretical framework for studying nonlocal correlations in complex quantum systems.