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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Marginal States of Light

Kisik Kim

Published May 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We introduce marginal states of light which are barely classical and hence lie on the boundary between classical and nonclassical states. A marginal state may be obtained as an output of a beam splitter with vanishingly small transmission coefficient and a very intense nonclassical light as an input. We also point out that any marginal state can be made to be maximally nonclassical by adding a single photon. The close relation between nonclassicality and the particle nature of light is addressed.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.74.941

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We introduce marginal states of light which are barely classical and hence lie on the boundary between classical and nonclassical states. A marginal state may be obtained as an output of a beam splitter with vanishingly small transmission coefficient and a very intense nonclassical light as an input. We also point out that any marginal state can be made to be maximally nonclassical by adding a single photon. The close relation between nonclassicality and the particle nature of light is addressed.
We consider a beam splitter as an optical device to generate a class of nonclassical states out of a nonclassical input state. On sending a nonclassical light toward one input port and the vacuum to the other, one can generally obtain the two output lights which are less nonclassical than the input state. We also consider the limit, in which the input intensity grows indefinitely and the trasmission coefficient vanishes such that their product becomes finite, to find various states of light lying between nonclassical and classical states.
We find a sufficient condition to imprint the single-mode bosonic phase-space nonclassicality onto a bipartite state as modal entanglement and vice versa using an arbitrary beam splitter. Surprisingly, the entanglement produced or detected in this way depends only on the nonclassicality of the marginal input or output states, regardless of their purity and separability. In this way, our result provides a sufficient condition for generating entangled states of arbitrary high temperature and arbitrary large number of particles. We also study the evolution of the entanglement within a lossy Mach-Zehnder interferometer and show that unless both modes are totally lost, the entanglement does not diminish.
A beam splitter is a simple, readily available device which can act to entangle output optical fields. We show that a necessary condition for the fields at the output of the beam splitter to be entangled is that the pure input states exhibit nonclassical behavior. We generalize this proof for arbitrary (pure or impure) Gaussian input states. Specifically, nonclassicality of the input Gaussian fields is a necessary condition for entanglement of the field modes with the help of a beam splitter. We conjecture that this is a general property of beam splitters: Nonclassicality of the inputs is a necessary condition for entangling fields in a beam splitter.
The familiar input-output relations for an optical beam splitter are generalized to allow for linear absorption by the medium forming the mirror. Beam-splitter losses generally affect the noise levels detectable in experiments involving nonclassical light. When employed to investigate two-photon interference effects, a lossy beam splitter can lead to apparent nonlinear absorption, which, in the most extreme case, leads to either both or neither of the photons being absorbed. The degree of second-order coherence of antibunched light can be maintained on transmission through the beam splitter but any amplitude squeezing in the incident light is degraded.