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Quantum Electronics

Downward the temperature scale

Vyacheslav Afanasievich Vinogradov, K.A. Karpov, S. V. Savelyeva, Andrei V. Turlapov

Published May 8, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Approaches to deep cooling of atomic gases are discussed. The delta kick cooling and adiabatic expansion as well as the limitations of the former are considered. The applicability of hollow optical dipole traps based on radiation of near-resonance transition frequency in atoms is shown. The possibility of designing such traps with a size of ∼1 mm is analysed and the prospects for their use for cooling atoms by evaporation and adiabatic expansion are discussed.

DOI
10.1070/qel17009

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Abstract Approaches to deep cooling of atomic gases are discussed. The delta kick cooling and adiabatic expansion as well as the limitations of the former are considered. The applicability of hollow optical dipole traps based on radiation of near-resonance transition frequency in atoms is shown. The possibility of designing such traps with a size of ∼1 mm is analysed and the prospects for their use for cooling atoms by evaporation and adiabatic expansion are discussed.
This review describes the methods of trapping cold atoms in electromagnetic fields and in the combined electromagnetic and gravity fields. We discuss first the basic types of the dipole radiation forces used for cooling and trapping atoms in the laser fields. We outline next the fundamentals of the laser cooling of atoms and classify the temperature limits for basic laser cooling processes. The main body of the review is devoted to discussion of atom traps based on the dipole radiation forces, dipole magnetic forces, combined dipole radiation-magnetic forces, and the forces combined of the dipole radiation-magnetic and gravity forces. Physical fundamentals of atom traps operating as waveguides and cavities for cold atoms are also considered. The review ends with the applications of cold and trapped atoms in atomic, molecular and optical physics.
We present a new technique for cooling atoms below the photon recoil temperature. Free expansion and a subsequent application of a pulsed potential narrows the momentum distribution provided the atoms were initially well localized. Time scales for this cooling mechanism are shorter than those for other techniques. We give the one dimensional results for quantum and classical distributions of atoms initially held in an optical lattice or a dipole trap. The pulsed lattice potential is the same as that used in the recent atom optics realization of the quantum delta kicked rotor.
We present an evaporative cooling technique for atoms trapped in an optical dipole trap that benefits from narrow optical transitions. For an appropriate choice of wavelength and polarization, a single laser beam leads to opposite light shifts in two internal states of the lowest-energy manifold. Radio-frequency coupling between these two states results in evaporative cooling at a constant trap stiffness. The evaporation protocol is well adapted to several atomic species, in particular to the case of Lanthanides such as Er, Dy, and fermionic Yb, but also to alkali-earth metals such as fermionic Sr. We derive the dimensionless expressions that allow us to estimate the evaporation efficiency. As a concrete example, we consider the case of 162Dy^{162}\mathrm{Dy}162Dy and present a numerical analysis of the evaporation in a dipole trap near the ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=J$ optical transition at 832nm832\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}832nm. We show that this technique can lead to runaway evaporation in a minimalist experimental setup.
We describe a setup for a deep optical dipole trap or lattice designed for holding atoms at temperatures of a few mK, such as alkaline-Earth atoms which have undergone only regular Doppler cooling. We use an external optical cavity to amplify 3.2 W from a commercial single-frequency laser at 532 nm to 523 W. Powers of a few kW, attainable with low-loss optics or higher input powers, allow larger trap volumes for improved atom transfer from magneto-optical traps. We analyze possibilities for cooling inside the deep trap, the induced Stark shifts for calcium, and a cancellation scheme for the intercombination clock transition using an auxiliary laser.
Laser cooled sodium atoms are trapped in an optical dipole force trap formed by the intersection of two 1.06 \ensuremath{\mu}m laser beams. Densities as high as $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}$ atoms/cm3{\mathrm{m}}^{3}m3 at a temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}140$ \ensuremath{\mu}K have been obtained in a $\ensuremath{\sim}900$ \ensuremath{\mu}K deep trap. By reducing the trap depth over a 2 s interval, we have evaporatively cooled the atoms to a final temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}4$ \ensuremath{\mu}K at a density of $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ atoms/cm3{\mathrm{m}}^{3}m3. This corresponds to a factor of 28 increase in atomic phase-space density.