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CRC Press eBooks

Selected Elements of Classical and Quantum Physics

Jacques Vanier, Cipriana Tomescu

Published Jan 15, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The chapter recalls the main mathematical concepts used in the monograph. Then, elementary reviews are given of several subfields of physics including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity and quantum physics. It introduces the concept of conservation of selected physical entities. Several applications are described and examples are provided.

DOI
10.1201/9780429443473-2

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The book is designed to serve as an `upper-level one-semester course in Quantum mechanics for students majoring in physics or related topics'. To that purpose the author has organised the contents into roughly six parts, giving first a historical introduction into quanta and matter waves, then the solution of the Schrödinger equations in one, and subsequently in three dimensions; in a fourth part spin and the concept of identical particles are explained, whilst in the next the approximation (perturbation) methods and their application to atomic systems and the creation and transfer of radiations. Finally there are two chapters on molecular and solid state physics. Each chapter is accompanied by a selection of appropriate problems. Appendix, index plus diskette are provided. As the author states, the topics and examples were taken from his other (successful) book, Introduction to Modern Physics . It appears to the reviewer that the present account may indeed serve as a first introduction into the elementary aspects of quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on explaining the basic concepts (like spin, statistics, even the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox). Addressed are the slightly advanced students of science. The language is clear, the formal apparatus does not overwhelm the reader, and the figures have been carefully selected and drawn. We do recommend the book for the purpose envisaged. It raises the appetite for a more systematic and extended study of the subject.

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An Introduction to Advanced Quantum Physics presents important concepts from classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, statistical physics, and quantum physics brought together to discuss the interaction of radiation and matter, selection rules, symmetries and conservation laws, scattering, relativistic quantum mechanics, apparent paradoxes, elementary quantum field theory, electromagnetic and weak interactions, and much more. This book consists of two parts:. Part 1 comprises the material suitable for a second course in quantum physics and covers::; Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter;

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Quantum mechanics (or simply quantum physics) is the branch of physics that applies to particles and systems of particles, such as atoms and molecules. In that realm the laws of classical mechanics and classical electromagnetism break down, and only quantum mechanics provides the concepts and computational methods that explain observed phenomena. Quantum mechanics uses specially developed tools, such as wave functions, that contain all of the relevant information about particles and systems. is approach is needed to understand the true nature of electromagnetic radiation and how that radiation interacts with matter. e mathematics used in quantum mechanics is highly specialized and often complex. In this chapter we’ll address some of the key questions that require quantum mechanics without presenting the full mathematical formalism. e important questions we’ll address all deal with observable physical phenomena. We’ll discuss how quantum mechanics is used to answer these questions but will omit the advanced mathematical details.

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Chapter 1 was concerned with the need for a quantal description of microscopic phenomena. The thrust of Chapter 3 is an analysis and comparison of a classical and a quantum system; some mathematical generalizations of the analysis are presented as well. Chapter 4 provides an introduction to Hilbert-space concepts that are the mathematical framework of quantum theory, while, in Chapter 5, the axioms of quantum mechanics for pure states are stated and illustrated. The present chapter is intended to be a bridge between those chapters and Chapter 1. Here we review many of the concepts of classical mechanics that have relevance in quantum mechanics. Equally important, if not more so, we stress the lack of equivalence between a number of classical concepts and their quantal counterparts. This inequivalence is emphasized because of the vocabulary common to classical and quantum mechanics. Classical physics is, of course, the source for much of the vocabulary in quantum physics. However, the ways in which the words are used in the two domains often differ substantially, while the concepts are almost necessarily not identical. Some classical concepts have no direct quantal counterparts. For example, velocity and force are not primary quantal entities. This fact means that the quantal definitions of linear and angular momentum cannot be the same as those in classical mechanics. Similarly, the concept of a “state” in classical physics – the collection of the generalized positions and generalized velocities or momenta – does not carry over to quantum physics.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Dec 3, 2001•0 citations
The chapter recalls the main mathematical concepts used in the monograph. Then, elementary reviews are given of several subfields of physics including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity and quantum physics. It introduces the concept of conservation of selected physical entities. Several applications are described and examples are provided.
The book is designed to serve as an `upper-level one-semester course in Quantum mechanics for students majoring in physics or related topics'. To that purpose the author has organised the contents into roughly six parts, giving first a historical introduction into quanta and matter waves, then the solution of the Schrödinger equations in one, and subsequently in three dimensions; in a fourth part spin and the concept of identical particles are explained, whilst in the next the approximation (perturbation) methods and their application to atomic systems and the creation and transfer of radiations. Finally there are two chapters on molecular and solid state physics. Each chapter is accompanied by a selection of appropriate problems. Appendix, index plus diskette are provided. As the author states, the topics and examples were taken from his other (successful) book, Introduction to Modern Physics . It appears to the reviewer that the present account may indeed serve as a first introduction into the elementary aspects of quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on explaining the basic concepts (like spin, statistics, even the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox). Addressed are the slightly advanced students of science. The language is clear, the formal apparatus does not overwhelm the reader, and the figures have been carefully selected and drawn. We do recommend the book for the purpose envisaged. It raises the appetite for a more systematic and extended study of the subject.
In this second chapter we will review the basic mathematical and physical facts about quantum mechanics and establish physical units and notation. Those readers already familiar with the subject can safely jump to the next chapter. An attempt has been made to make the presentation in this chapter as elementary as possible, and yet present the basic facts that will be needed later. There are many beautiful and important topics which will not be touched upon such as self-adjointness of Schrödinger operators, the general mathematical structure of quantum mechanics and the like. These topics are well described in other works, e.g.. Much of the following can be done in a Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension, but in this chapter the dimension of the Euclidean space is taken to be three-which is the physical case-unless otherwise stated. We do this to avoid confusion and, occasionally, complications that arise in the computation of mathematical constants. The interested reader can easily generalize what is done here to the R d , d > 3 case. Likewise, in the next chapters we mostly consider N particles, with spatial coordinates in R 3 , so that the total spatial dimension is 3 N . A Brief Review of the Connection Between Classical and Quantum Mechanics Considering the range of validity of quantum mechanics, it is not surprising that its formulation is more complicated and abstract than classical mechanics. Nevertheless, classical mechanics is a basic ingredient for quantum mechanics. One still talks about position, momentum and energy which are notions from Newtonian mechanics.
An Introduction to Advanced Quantum Physics presents important concepts from classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, statistical physics, and quantum physics brought together to discuss the interaction of radiation and matter, selection rules, symmetries and conservation laws, scattering, relativistic quantum mechanics, apparent paradoxes, elementary quantum field theory, electromagnetic and weak interactions, and much more. This book consists of two parts:. Part 1 comprises the material suitable for a second course in quantum physics and covers::; Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter;
Quantum mechanics (or simply quantum physics) is the branch of physics that applies to particles and systems of particles, such as atoms and molecules. In that realm the laws of classical mechanics and classical electromagnetism break down, and only quantum mechanics provides the concepts and computational methods that explain observed phenomena. Quantum mechanics uses specially developed tools, such as wave functions, that contain all of the relevant information about particles and systems. is approach is needed to understand the true nature of electromagnetic radiation and how that radiation interacts with matter. e mathematics used in quantum mechanics is highly specialized and often complex. In this chapter we’ll address some of the key questions that require quantum mechanics without presenting the full mathematical formalism. e important questions we’ll address all deal with observable physical phenomena. We’ll discuss how quantum mechanics is used to answer these questions but will omit the advanced mathematical details.
Chapter 1 was concerned with the need for a quantal description of microscopic phenomena. The thrust of Chapter 3 is an analysis and comparison of a classical and a quantum system; some mathematical generalizations of the analysis are presented as well. Chapter 4 provides an introduction to Hilbert-space concepts that are the mathematical framework of quantum theory, while, in Chapter 5, the axioms of quantum mechanics for pure states are stated and illustrated. The present chapter is intended to be a bridge between those chapters and Chapter 1. Here we review many of the concepts of classical mechanics that have relevance in quantum mechanics. Equally important, if not more so, we stress the lack of equivalence between a number of classical concepts and their quantal counterparts. This inequivalence is emphasized because of the vocabulary common to classical and quantum mechanics. Classical physics is, of course, the source for much of the vocabulary in quantum physics. However, the ways in which the words are used in the two domains often differ substantially, while the concepts are almost necessarily not identical. Some classical concepts have no direct quantal counterparts. For example, velocity and force are not primary quantal entities. This fact means that the quantal definitions of linear and angular momentum cannot be the same as those in classical mechanics. Similarly, the concept of a “state” in classical physics – the collection of the generalized positions and generalized velocities or momenta – does not carry over to quantum physics.