Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review Letters

Strong Nonlinear Coupling in a Si3N4 Ring Resonator

Sven Ramelow, Alessandro Farsi, Z. Vernon, Stéphane Clemmen, Xingchen Ji, John E. Sipe, Marco Liscidini, Michal F. Lipson, Alexander L. Gaeta

Published Apr 19, 2019• 50 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate that nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a Si_{3}N_{4} microring resonator can result in a nonlinear coupling rate between two optical fields exceeding their energy dissipation rate in the resonator, corresponding to strong nonlinear coupling. We demonstrate that this leads to a Rabi-like splitting, for which we provide a theoretical description in agreement with our experimental results. This yields new insight into the dynamics of nonlinear optical interactions in microresonators and access to novel phenomena.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.122.153906

Related papers

Strong Nonlinear Coupling due to Induced Photon Interaction on a Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ Chip

Sven Ramelow, Alessandro Farsi, Z. Vernon +6 more

Second-order optical processes lead to a host of applications in classical and quantum optics. With the enhancement of parametric interactions that arise due to light confinement, on-chip implementations promise very-large-scale photonic integration. But as yet there is no route to a device that acts at the single photon level. Here we exploit the $χ^{(3)}$ nonlinear response of a Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ microring resonator to induce a large effective $χ^{(2)}$. Effective second-order upconversion (ESUP) of a seed to an idler can be achieved with 74,000 %/W efficiency, indicating that single photon nonlinearity is within reach of current technology. Moreover, we show a nonlinear coupling rate of seed and idler larger than the energy dissipation rate in the resonator, indicating a strong coupling regime. Consequently we observe a Rabi-like splitting, for which we provide a detailed theoretical description. This yields new insight into the dynamics of ultrastrong effective nonlinear interactions in microresonators, and access to novel phenomena and applications in classical and quantum nonlinear optics.

arXiv:1802.10072•Feb 27, 2018•2 citations

From classical four-wave mixing to parametric fluorescence in silicon microring resonators

Stefano Azzini, Davide Grassani, Mattéo Galli +7 more

Four-wave mixing (FWM) can be either stimulated or occur spontaneously. The first process is intrinsically much stronger and well understood through classical nonlinear optics. The latter, also known as parametric fluorescence, can be explained only in the framework of a quantum theory of light. We experimentally demonstrated that, in a microring resonator, there is a simple relation between the efficiencies of these two processes that is independent of the nonlinearity and ring size. In particular, we have shown the average power generated by parametric fluorescence can be immediately estimated from a classical FWM experiment. These results suggest that classical nonlinear characterization of a photonic integrated structure can provide accurate information on its nonlinear quantum properties.

arXiv:1208.0765•Optics Letters•Sep 7, 2012•92 citations

Superspontaneous Four-Wave Mixing in an Array of Silicon Microresonators

Massimo Borghi, Federico Andrea Sabattoli, Houssein El Dirani +9 more

Composite optical systems can show compelling collective dynamics. For instance, the cooperative decay of quantum emitters into a common radiation mode can lead to super-radiance, where the emission rate of the ensemble is larger than the sum of the rates of the individual emitters. Here, we report experimental evidence of super spontaneous four-wave mixing, an analogous effect for the generation of photon pairs in a parametric nonlinear process on an integrated photonic device. We study this phenomenon in an array of microring resonators on a silicon photonic chip coupled to bus waveguides. We measure a cooperative pair-generation rate that always exceeds the incoherent sum of the rates of the individual resonators. We investigate the physical mechanisms underlying this collective behavior, clarify the impact of loss, and address the aspects of fundamental and technological relevance of our results.

arXiv:2209.12641•Physical Review Applied•Sep 2, 2022•7 citations

Phase Controlled Bistability in Silicon Microring Resonators for Nonlinear Photonics

Riddhi Nandi, Arnab Goswami, Bijoy Krishna Das

Resonance shift and bistability in a silicon microring resonator operating at higher optical power levels pose serious difficulties, especially in nonlinear four wave mixing process. A solution of parking a laser wavelength around any of the resonances of a microring resonator and operating at any power levels is explored by integrating a microheater. We have shown with the existing theoretical model that the previous history of phase detuning in a silicon microring resonator determines the effective gain in stimulated four wave mixing process. The experimental results have been shown to be closely matching with the simulation results. For a microring resonator of radius 50 μm, an improved stimulated four wave mixing gain of ~ 11.6 dB has been observed while thermo-optically blue-shifting resonances in comparison to that of red-shifting resonances, for a launched pump power of 8.4 mW operating at a slightly off-resonant wavelength λp. The proposed technique can be used in designing actively controlled efficient photon sources in a large-scale integrated quantum photonic circuit operating at λ ~ 1550 nm.

IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics•Aug 24, 2020•20 citations

Four-wave mixing in silicon nanophotonic waveguides and microring resonators: influence of two-photon absorption

Arnab Goswami, Yash Raj, Bijoy Krishna Das

Four-wave mixing (FWM) in silicon photonics offers promising applications in optical signal processing, wavelength conversion, and quantum photonics, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its underlying physics and limitations. Stimulated four-wave mixing in silicon photonic wire waveguides has been investigated theoretically by considering two-photon absorption, free carrier absorption, and free carrier dispersion, etc., operating near λ∼1550 nm. It has been shown that these effects severely degrade the performance when operating at higher pump power levels. We present exact numerical calculations of idler wavelength conversion efficiency and bandwidth taking into account the abovementioned nonlinearities, to show the effects of various parameters within the waveguide structure. We extended to investigate silicon photonic microring resonators in terms of the four-wave mixing performance of high-Q-value microring resonators, which are very promising as photon sources (spontaneous four-wave mixing) for large-scale quantum photonic circuits. Our analysis illustrates the limitations of analytical models in describing FWM in ring resonator behavior at a moderate input power level, necessitating a rigorous numerical approach. Experimentally, we demonstrate stimulated FWM (1525 nm≤λp≤1575 nm) in a silicon photonic wire with a cross-section of 500 nm×220 nm and with a small waveguide length of 2 mm. The idler-to-signal conversion efficiency of about −35 dB has been measured for an approximate launched pump power of 30 mW. The conversion efficiency is improved further in the microring resonator as predicted by the simulation results.

Journal of Optical Microsystems•Oct 16, 2024•4 citations

Four-wave mixing in microresonators with resonance and thermal nonlinearities

José Luis Arce Diego, Félix Fanjul-Vélez, David Pereda Cubián +3 more

The results of theoretical and experimental investigations into four-wave mixing in microresonators with resonant and thermal nonlinearities are presented. Theoretical models of dynamically-induced optical gratings have been derived in two cases of the light beams interaction: when a nonlinear medium is incorporated into Fabry-Perot interferometer and for the off-cavity configuration. Experimental realization of intracavity four-wave mixing performed using ethanol solution of Rodamine 6G as a nonlinear medium. It is shown that the use of nonlinear interferometer increases significantly an efficiency of dynamic optical gratings. The potentialities for obtaining of high efficiency conversion of optical information owing the spectroscopic properties of multilevel resonant media are discussed.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Feb 7, 2006•0 citations
We demonstrate that nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a Si_{3}N_{4} microring resonator can result in a nonlinear coupling rate between two optical fields exceeding their energy dissipation rate in the resonator, corresponding to strong nonlinear coupling. We demonstrate that this leads to a Rabi-like splitting, for which we provide a theoretical description in agreement with our experimental results. This yields new insight into the dynamics of nonlinear optical interactions in microresonators and access to novel phenomena.
Strong Nonlinear Coupling due to Induced Photon Interaction on a Si3_{3}3​N4_{4}4​ Chip
Second-order optical processes lead to a host of applications in classical and quantum optics. With the enhancement of parametric interactions that arise due to light confinement, on-chip implementations promise very-large-scale photonic integration. But as yet there is no route to a device that acts at the single photon level. Here we exploit the χ(3)χ^{(3)}χ(3) nonlinear response of a Si3_{3}3​N4_{4}4​ microring resonator to induce a large effective χ(2)χ^{(2)}χ(2). Effective second-order upconversion (ESUP) of a seed to an idler can be achieved with 74,000 %/W efficiency, indicating that single photon nonlinearity is within reach of current technology. Moreover, we show a nonlinear coupling rate of seed and idler larger than the energy dissipation rate in the resonator, indicating a strong coupling regime. Consequently we observe a Rabi-like splitting, for which we provide a detailed theoretical description. This yields new insight into the dynamics of ultrastrong effective nonlinear interactions in microresonators, and access to novel phenomena and applications in classical and quantum nonlinear optics.
Four-wave mixing (FWM) can be either stimulated or occur spontaneously. The first process is intrinsically much stronger and well understood through classical nonlinear optics. The latter, also known as parametric fluorescence, can be explained only in the framework of a quantum theory of light. We experimentally demonstrated that, in a microring resonator, there is a simple relation between the efficiencies of these two processes that is independent of the nonlinearity and ring size. In particular, we have shown the average power generated by parametric fluorescence can be immediately estimated from a classical FWM experiment. These results suggest that classical nonlinear characterization of a photonic integrated structure can provide accurate information on its nonlinear quantum properties.
Composite optical systems can show compelling collective dynamics. For instance, the cooperative decay of quantum emitters into a common radiation mode can lead to super-radiance, where the emission rate of the ensemble is larger than the sum of the rates of the individual emitters. Here, we report experimental evidence of super spontaneous four-wave mixing, an analogous effect for the generation of photon pairs in a parametric nonlinear process on an integrated photonic device. We study this phenomenon in an array of microring resonators on a silicon photonic chip coupled to bus waveguides. We measure a cooperative pair-generation rate that always exceeds the incoherent sum of the rates of the individual resonators. We investigate the physical mechanisms underlying this collective behavior, clarify the impact of loss, and address the aspects of fundamental and technological relevance of our results.
Resonance shift and bistability in a silicon microring resonator operating at higher optical power levels pose serious difficulties, especially in nonlinear four wave mixing process. A solution of parking a laser wavelength around any of the resonances of a microring resonator and operating at any power levels is explored by integrating a microheater. We have shown with the existing theoretical model that the previous history of phase detuning in a silicon microring resonator determines the effective gain in stimulated four wave mixing process. The experimental results have been shown to be closely matching with the simulation results. For a microring resonator of radius 50 μm, an improved stimulated four wave mixing gain of ~ 11.6 dB has been observed while thermo-optically blue-shifting resonances in comparison to that of red-shifting resonances, for a launched pump power of 8.4 mW operating at a slightly off-resonant wavelength λp. The proposed technique can be used in designing actively controlled efficient photon sources in a large-scale integrated quantum photonic circuit operating at λ ~ 1550 nm.
Four-wave mixing (FWM) in silicon photonics offers promising applications in optical signal processing, wavelength conversion, and quantum photonics, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its underlying physics and limitations. Stimulated four-wave mixing in silicon photonic wire waveguides has been investigated theoretically by considering two-photon absorption, free carrier absorption, and free carrier dispersion, etc., operating near λ∼1550 nm. It has been shown that these effects severely degrade the performance when operating at higher pump power levels. We present exact numerical calculations of idler wavelength conversion efficiency and bandwidth taking into account the abovementioned nonlinearities, to show the effects of various parameters within the waveguide structure. We extended to investigate silicon photonic microring resonators in terms of the four-wave mixing performance of high-Q-value microring resonators, which are very promising as photon sources (spontaneous four-wave mixing) for large-scale quantum photonic circuits. Our analysis illustrates the limitations of analytical models in describing FWM in ring resonator behavior at a moderate input power level, necessitating a rigorous numerical approach. Experimentally, we demonstrate stimulated FWM (1525 nm≤λp≤1575 nm) in a silicon photonic wire with a cross-section of 500 nm×220 nm and with a small waveguide length of 2 mm. The idler-to-signal conversion efficiency of about −35 dB has been measured for an approximate launched pump power of 30 mW. The conversion efficiency is improved further in the microring resonator as predicted by the simulation results.
The results of theoretical and experimental investigations into four-wave mixing in microresonators with resonant and thermal nonlinearities are presented. Theoretical models of dynamically-induced optical gratings have been derived in two cases of the light beams interaction: when a nonlinear medium is incorporated into Fabry-Perot interferometer and for the off-cavity configuration. Experimental realization of intracavity four-wave mixing performed using ethanol solution of Rodamine 6G as a nonlinear medium. It is shown that the use of nonlinear interferometer increases significantly an efficiency of dynamic optical gratings. The potentialities for obtaining of high efficiency conversion of optical information owing the spectroscopic properties of multilevel resonant media are discussed.