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Quantum Information Processing

Quantum identity authentication in the orthogonal-state-encoding QKD system

Bin Liu, Zhifeng Gao, Di Xiao, Wei Huang, Xingbin Liu, Bingjie Xu

Published Mar 25, 2019• 25 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11128-019-2255-0

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We propose a quantum identity authentication protocol, for quantum key distribution devices that use nonorthogonal state encoding in conjunction with Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The keys for authentication are used only once. The used keys are replaced with new ones. The number of keys sacrificed for the proposed authentication protocol is small and the protocol is found to be resistant to Man in The Middle attack when the number of keys used for authentication is increased. Also, this protocol is compatible with the present quantum key distribution technology.
As is known, quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide information-theoretic security under some preconditions, one of which is that the identity of each participant has been authenticated. And quantum identity authentication (QIA) can achieve this precondition effectively. However, the adversary still can implement man-in-the-middle attacks on QKD protocols in some situations, such as the protocol in [Quant. Inf. Process, 18, 137 (2019)]. In the above paper, the authors claimed that, after their QIA protocol based on GV95 system (GV95-QIA protocol), the participants could perform GV95-QKD protocol to update and extend the authentication keys. However, this method is not secure in the sense that the adversary could wait for the participants to complete GV95-QIA protocol and then perform the man-in-the-middle attack on the QKD process. In this paper, we solve this problem by mixing GV95-QIA process and GV95-QKD process randomly. Specifically, two authenticated QKD protocols are proposed based on the above idea. The proposed protocols can be used to provide secure identity authentication to GV95-QKD protocol, and also can be used to extend the authentication keys for GV95-QIA protocol.
Unconditional security in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns regarding their vulnerability have prompted the exploration of Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) protocols. In this study, we introduce a new protocol for QIA, derived from the concept of controlled secure direct quantum communication. Our proposed scheme facilitates simultaneous authentication between two users, Alice and Bob, leveraging Bell states with the assistance of a third party, Charlie. Through rigorous security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol withstands various known attacks, including impersonation, intercept and resend and impersonated fraudulent attacks. Additionally, we establish the relevance of the proposed protocol by comparing it with the existing protocols of similar type.