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Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)

Observation of Quantum Decay Dynamics in an Integrated Photonic Chip

Andrea Crespi, Francesco Vincenzo Pepe, Paolo Facchi A, Fabio Sciarrino, Paolo Mataloni, Hiromichi Nakazato, Saverio Pascazio, Roberto Osellame

Published Jan 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Waveguide arrays, fabricated by femtosecond laser pulses and excited by coherent light, are used to study quantum decay phenomena. By tailoring the system properties, we observe different regimes including quadratic Zeno and power-law decay.
DOI
10.1364/qim.2019.t5a.4

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The decay of an unstable system is usually described by an exponential law. Quantum mechanics predicts strong deviations of the survival probability from the exponential: Indeed, the decay is initially quadratic, while at very large times it follows a power law, with superimposed oscillations. The latter regime is particularly elusive and difficult to observe. Here we employ arrays of single-mode optical waveguides, fabricated by femtosecond laser direct inscription, to implement quantum systems where a discrete state is coupled and can decay into a continuum. The optical modes correspond to distinct quantum states of the photon, and the temporal evolution of the quantum system is mapped into the spatial propagation coordinate. By injecting coherent light states in the fabricated photonic structures and by measuring a small scattered fraction of such light with an unprecedented dynamic range, we are able to experimentally observe not only the exponential decay regime, but also the quadratic Zeno region and the power-law decay at long evolution times.
Whereas classical physics generally predicts an exponential trend for the temporal decay of an unstable state, quantum mechanics provides a rather different description. The decay is initially quadratic, while at very large times it follows a power-law. Actually, the latter regime has never been observed experimentally. Here we employ arrays of femtosecond-laser-written optical waveguides to optically realize quantum systems where a discrete state is coupled to and can decay into a continuum. The transverse optical modes represent distinct quantum states of the photon and the temporal evolution of the system is mapped into the longitudinal propagation coordinate. By injecting laser light in the fabricated structures, and by imaging with high dynamic range the scattered light from above, we are able to observe experimentally different decay regimes, including the power-law tail. This process can be viewed as the quantum simulation of a quantum decay phenomenon.
The propagation of single and multi-photon states in integrated waveguides arrays is analyzed. Firstly the impact of decoherence on the dynamics of a system is studied, analyzing the cases of distinguishable and indistinguishable photons. The next part covers the study of quantum suppressions, where conditions necessary for suppression of certain output distributions is investigated. Finally the implementation of a photonic quantum SWAP gate is presented. All experiments were performed through integrated photonic quantum circuits, fabricated with the femtosecond laser writing technique.
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Diamond is a promising platform for sensing and quantum processing owing to the remarkable properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) impurity. The electrons of the NV center, largely localized at the vacancy site, combine to form a spin triplet, which can be polarized with 532 nm laser light, even at room temperature. The NV's states are isolated from environmental perturbations making their spin coherence comparable to trapped ions. An important breakthrough would be in connecting, using waveguides, multiple diamond NVs together optically. However, still lacking is an efficient photonic fabrication method for diamond akin to the photolithographic methods that have revolutionized silicon photonics. Here, we report the first demonstration of three dimensional buried optical waveguides in diamond, inscribed by focused femtosecond high repetition rate laser pulses. Within the waveguides, high quality NV properties are observed, making them promising for integrated magnetometer or quantum information systems on a diamond chip.