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Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)

High-dimensional one-way quantum processing enabled by optical d-level cluster states

Michael Kues, Christian Reimer, Stefania Sciara, Piotr Roztocki, Mehedi Islam, Luis Romero Cortés, Yanbing Young Zhang, Bennet Fischer, Sébastien Loranger, Raman Kashyap, Alfonso Carmelo Cino, Sai T. Chu, Brent E. Little, David Moss, Lucia Caspani, William J. Munro, José Azaña, Roberto Morandotti

Published Jan 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

By introducing and modifying two-photon hyper-entangled states in the time-frequency domain using an on-chip micro-cavity, we succeed in generating high-dimensional cluster states, demonstrate d-level measurement-based quantum processing and show the state’s higher noise tolerance.
DOI
10.1364/qim.2019.s2c.3

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Cluster states, a specific class of multi-partite entangled states, are of particular importance for quantum science, as such systems are equivalent to the realization of one-way (or measurement-based) quantum computers [1]. In this scheme, algorithms are implemented through high-fidelity measurements on the parties of the state [2]. While two-level (i.e. qubit) cluster states have been realized so far, increasing the number of particles to boost the computational resource comes at the price of significantly reduced coherence time and detection rates, as well as increased sensitivity to noise, restricting the realization of discrete cluster states to a record of eight qubits. In contrast, the demonstration of d-level (i.e. qudit) cluster states has the potential to i) increase quantum resources without modifying the number of particles; ii) enable the implementation of highly efficient computational protocols; iii) reduce the noise sensitivity of the states. Up till now, the realization of discrete d-level cluster states has not been shown in any quantum platform. We here demonstrate the realization of d-level cluster states, perform d-level one-way quantum processing operations on the states, and show that higher-dimensional forms of cluster states are more noise tolerant than lower dimensional realizations.
Large and complex optical quantum states are a key resource for fundamental science and applications such as quantum communications, information processing, and metrology. In this context, cluster states are a particularly important class because they enable the realization of universal quantum computers by means of the so-called `one-way' scheme, where processing operations are performed through measurements on the state. While two-level (i.e. qubit) cluster states have been realized thus far, further boosting this computational resource by increasing the number of particles comes at the price of significantly reduced coherence time and detection rates, as well as increased sensitivity to noise. In contrast, the realization of d-level (with d > 2) cluster states offers the possibility to increase quantum resources without changing the number of particles, enables the implementation of efficient computational protocols, as well as coincides with a reduction in the noise sensitivity of the states. Here, we experimentally realize, characterize, and perform one-way processing operations on three-level, four-partite cluster states formed by two photons in the time and frequency domain. We make use of a unique approach based on integrated photonic chips and optical fiber communications components, enabling scalable, deterministic new functionalities.