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Characterizing two- and three-qubit entanglement classes by their tensors

Pak Shen Choong

Published Dec 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this study, local unitary (LU) properties of two- and three-qubit quantum systems are studied. Specifically, the Schmidt decomposition approach to LU classification for two qubits is re-examined using a more general approach, i.e. higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD). Later, HOSVD is used to classify three-qubit pure states by LU operations. We found that due to HOSVD, it is possible to characterize the entanglement classes of three qubits by the eigenvalues distribution of its one-particle reduced density matrices. This finding generalized the similar classification results in the literature and it is hoped that this work will fill in the gap of LU classification from bipartite to multipartite quantum states by using HOSVD.

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Multilinear singular value decomposition for two qubits

Pak Shen Choong, Hishamuddin B Zainuddin, I. S. Rakhimov

Schmidt decomposition has been used in the local unitary (LU) classification of bipartite quantum states for some time. In order to generalize the LU classification of bipartite quantum states into multipartite quantum states, higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) is introduced but specific examples have not been explicitly worked out. In this pedagogical paper, we would like to work out such details in two qubits since the LU classification of two qubits is well known. We first demonstrate the method of HOSVD in two-qubit systems and discuss its properties. In terms of the LU classification of two-qubit states, some subtle differences in the stabilizer groups of entanglement classes are noticed when Schmidt decomposition is substituted by HOSVD. To reconcile the differences between the two, further studies are needed.

•Jan 1, 2016•1 citation

Tensor Decompositions with Applications to Local Unitary and Stochastic Local Operations and Classical Communication Equivalence of Multipartite Pure States

Luke Oeding, Ian Tan

Abstract. We introduce a broad lemma, one consequence of which is the higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) of tensors (L. De Lathauwer, B. De Moor, and J. Vandewalle, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 21 (2000), pp. 1253–1278). By an analogous application of the lemma, we find a complex orthogonal version of the HOSVD. Kraus’s algorithm (B. Kraus, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104 (2010), 020504) used the HOSVD to compute normal forms of almost all [Formula: see text]-qubit pure states under the action of the local unitary group. Taking advantage of the double cover [Formula: see text], we produce similar algorithms (distinguished by the parity of [Formula: see text]) that compute normal forms for almost all [Formula: see text]-qubit pure states under the action of the group of stochastic local operations and classical communication.

arXiv:2402.12542•SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and Geometry•Jan 3, 2025•0 citations

Equivalence of 2-tensors and 3-tensors under Local Unitary and General Linear Groups

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In quantum information, pure states correspond to tensors. Two states equivalent under local unitary group or local general linear group can be used for the same quantum-information tasks, and it is thus an essential problem to determine whether two tensors are equivalent. In this paper, we determine the two sorts of equivalence for 2-tensors in terms of the Schmidt decomposition and singular value decomposition of matrices. We also extend the equivalence to some 3-tensors, proving that Schmidt decomposition is unachievable for 3-tensors. However, we present a method to express 3-tensors using the logic behind Schmidt decomposition. Furthermore, we generalized the scenario to higher dimensions and discussed the characteristic behaviors of different groups in tensor transformations.

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Local unitary equivalence of the SLOCC class of three qubits

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Abstract Classification of multipartite pure states via the local unitary (LU) equivalence or the stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) equivalence is a fundamental task in investigating multipartite entanglement. It is shown in the seminal paper (2000 Phys . Rev . A 62 062314) that pure states of three qubits can be partitioned into six SLOCC classes. We explore here a necessary and sufficient condition for LU equivalence of pure states for any SLOCC class via Acín et al ’s Schmidt coefficients (ASC) of three qubits in (2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1560). We show that the LU equivalent states in W SLOCC class have the same ASC irrespective of phases while there are generally two different ASCs for the LU equivalent states in GHZ SLOCC class (irrespective of phases for some subclass). Consequently, we obtain a complete LU classification of three qubit pure states in the sense of ASC. Moreover, we discuss the choice among the different ASCs and then propose an approach to find a unique ASC for any given three qubit pure state. At last we analyse the entanglement/separability of the marginal states of the two inequivalent genuine entangled SLOCC classes. We find that any bipartite marginal states of the W SLOCC class are entangled, and that of the GHZ SLOCC class has eight different cases which are depend on the ASCs.

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Aug 19, 2020•4 citations

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Abstract Characterization of multipartite entanglement is in general a challenging task. The entanglement polytope is particularly useful to study three-qubit systems since it allows a qualitative analysis of the related non-local properties from a geometric perspective. In this work, using numerical approaches, we show that there exist a correspondence between some classes of entanglement and some specific regions of the polytope for three-qubit systems.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Apr 1, 2020•3 citations

A Necessary and Sufficient Entanglement Criterion of N-qubit System Based on Correlation Tensor

Fenglin Wu, Siyuan Liu, Wen‐Li Yang +2 more

Great advances have been achieved in studying characteristics of entanglement for fundamentals of quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. However, even for N-qubit systems, the problem of entanglement criterion has not been well solved. In this Letter, using the method of state decomposition and high order singular value decomposition (HOSVD), we propose a necessary and sufficient entanglement criterion for general N-qubit systems. As an example, we apply our method to study the multi-qubit W state with white noise. We not only obtain the separability critical point, which is tight and thus better than known results, but also the separate states ensemble for decomposition. More examples are presented to show our criterion is accurate, which is tighter than the well-known positive partial transpose criterion. For two-qubit case, we can provide an entanglement measurer which gives similar results with concurrence up to a factor. Our results pave the way to solve the entanglement-separability criterion for more general cases.

arXiv:2205.05323•May 11, 2022•0 citations
In this study, local unitary (LU) properties of two- and three-qubit quantum systems are studied. Specifically, the Schmidt decomposition approach to LU classification for two qubits is re-examined using a more general approach, i.e. higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD). Later, HOSVD is used to classify three-qubit pure states by LU operations. We found that due to HOSVD, it is possible to characterize the entanglement classes of three qubits by the eigenvalues distribution of its one-particle reduced density matrices. This finding generalized the similar classification results in the literature and it is hoped that this work will fill in the gap of LU classification from bipartite to multipartite quantum states by using HOSVD.
Schmidt decomposition has been used in the local unitary (LU) classification of bipartite quantum states for some time. In order to generalize the LU classification of bipartite quantum states into multipartite quantum states, higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) is introduced but specific examples have not been explicitly worked out. In this pedagogical paper, we would like to work out such details in two qubits since the LU classification of two qubits is well known. We first demonstrate the method of HOSVD in two-qubit systems and discuss its properties. In terms of the LU classification of two-qubit states, some subtle differences in the stabilizer groups of entanglement classes are noticed when Schmidt decomposition is substituted by HOSVD. To reconcile the differences between the two, further studies are needed.
Abstract. We introduce a broad lemma, one consequence of which is the higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) of tensors (L. De Lathauwer, B. De Moor, and J. Vandewalle, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 21 (2000), pp. 1253–1278). By an analogous application of the lemma, we find a complex orthogonal version of the HOSVD. Kraus’s algorithm (B. Kraus, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104 (2010), 020504) used the HOSVD to compute normal forms of almost all [Formula: see text]-qubit pure states under the action of the local unitary group. Taking advantage of the double cover [Formula: see text], we produce similar algorithms (distinguished by the parity of [Formula: see text]) that compute normal forms for almost all [Formula: see text]-qubit pure states under the action of the group of stochastic local operations and classical communication.
In quantum information, pure states correspond to tensors. Two states equivalent under local unitary group or local general linear group can be used for the same quantum-information tasks, and it is thus an essential problem to determine whether two tensors are equivalent. In this paper, we determine the two sorts of equivalence for 2-tensors in terms of the Schmidt decomposition and singular value decomposition of matrices. We also extend the equivalence to some 3-tensors, proving that Schmidt decomposition is unachievable for 3-tensors. However, we present a method to express 3-tensors using the logic behind Schmidt decomposition. Furthermore, we generalized the scenario to higher dimensions and discussed the characteristic behaviors of different groups in tensor transformations.
Abstract Classification of multipartite pure states via the local unitary (LU) equivalence or the stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) equivalence is a fundamental task in investigating multipartite entanglement. It is shown in the seminal paper (2000 Phys . Rev . A 62 062314) that pure states of three qubits can be partitioned into six SLOCC classes. We explore here a necessary and sufficient condition for LU equivalence of pure states for any SLOCC class via Acín et al ’s Schmidt coefficients (ASC) of three qubits in (2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1560). We show that the LU equivalent states in W SLOCC class have the same ASC irrespective of phases while there are generally two different ASCs for the LU equivalent states in GHZ SLOCC class (irrespective of phases for some subclass). Consequently, we obtain a complete LU classification of three qubit pure states in the sense of ASC. Moreover, we discuss the choice among the different ASCs and then propose an approach to find a unique ASC for any given three qubit pure state. At last we analyse the entanglement/separability of the marginal states of the two inequivalent genuine entangled SLOCC classes. We find that any bipartite marginal states of the W SLOCC class are entangled, and that of the GHZ SLOCC class has eight different cases which are depend on the ASCs.
Great advances have been achieved in studying characteristics of entanglement for fundamentals of quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. However, even for N-qubit systems, the problem of entanglement criterion has not been well solved. In this Letter, using the method of state decomposition and high order singular value decomposition (HOSVD), we propose a necessary and sufficient entanglement criterion for general N-qubit systems. As an example, we apply our method to study the multi-qubit W state with white noise. We not only obtain the separability critical point, which is tight and thus better than known results, but also the separate states ensemble for decomposition. More examples are presented to show our criterion is accurate, which is tighter than the well-known positive partial transpose criterion. For two-qubit case, we can provide an entanglement measurer which gives similar results with concurrence up to a factor. Our results pave the way to solve the entanglement-separability criterion for more general cases.