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International Journal of Modern Physics B

Influence of the dipole–dipole interaction on the interference between Bose–Einstein condensates

Guoquan Yang, Juan Guo, Suying Zhang

Published Mar 12, 2019• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have investigated the interference of the dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates (DBECs) released from a double-well potential and studied the effects of dipole–dipole interaction (DDI) on the interference phenomena. We find that the DDI plays an important role in the interference process. When the effective polarization direction of the dipolar atoms is in the normal direction of the condensate plane, with the increasing of the strength of DDI, the visibility of fringes reduces and the width of fringes becomes larger. When the strength of DDI is fixed and the effective polarization direction of the dipolar atoms deviates from the normal direction of the condensate plane, the interference fringes become bent. Especially, for the situation of polarization parallel to the condensate plane, the interference fringes in the central regions become wave-shaped and vortex–antivortex pairs can be formed due to the anisotropic DDI. In addition, vortex–antivortex pairs could also be created by the spatial and temporal control of the DDI.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979219500486

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We have investigated the interference of the dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates (DBECs) released from a double-well potential and studied the effects of dipole–dipole interaction (DDI) on the interference phenomena. We find that the DDI plays an important role in the interference process. When the effective polarization direction of the dipolar atoms is in the normal direction of the condensate plane, with the increasing of the strength of DDI, the visibility of fringes reduces and the width of fringes becomes larger. When the strength of DDI is fixed and the effective polarization direction of the dipolar atoms deviates from the normal direction of the condensate plane, the interference fringes become bent. Especially, for the situation of polarization parallel to the condensate plane, the interference fringes in the central regions become wave-shaped and vortex–antivortex pairs can be formed due to the anisotropic DDI. In addition, vortex–antivortex pairs could also be created by the spatial and temporal control of the DDI.
Using Crank–Nicolson method, we calculate ground state wave functions of two-component dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) and show that, due to dipole–dipole interaction (DDI), the condensate mixture displays anisotropic phase separation. The effects of DDI, inter-component s-wave scattering, strength of trap potential and particle numbers on the density profiles are investigated. Three types of two-component profiles are present, first cigar, along z-axis and concentric torus, second pancake (or blood cell), in xy-plane, and two non-uniform ellipsoid, separated by the pancake and third two dumbbell shapes.
In this paper, we study the vortex formation of spin-orbit coupled (SOC) spin-1 dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates by numerically solving the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. We focus the effects of dipole–dipole interaction (DDI) on vortex structures and dynamics behavior. We find that the symmetry of density profiles in vortex lattice formation process and time evolution of the angular momentum is broken in the presence of DDI. This is due to the symmetry breaking of anisotropy DDI. Also, the total angular momentum decreases with increasing the relative dipole strength. However, it is shown that increasing SOC strength can improve the rotation efficiency. This result reflects the SOC dominates the DDI.
We are pointing out relevant anisotropic effects, related to spatial separation and miscibility, due to dipole-dipole interactions in rotating binary dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates by considering symmetric ($^{164}\mathrm{Dy}\ensuremath{-}^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$) and asymmetric ($^{168}\mathrm{Er}\ensuremath{-}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}, ^{164}\mathrm{Dy}\ensuremath{-}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$) dipolar mixtures. The binary mixtures are kept in a strong pancake-shaped trap, with repulsive two-body interactions and fixed rotation, modeled by an effective two-dimensional coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The anisotropy of the dipolar interactions on miscibility and vortex-lattice structures is studied by tuning the dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) from repulsive to attractive by varying the dipole polarization angle. A clear spatial separation is verified in the densities for attractive DDI, when the inter- to intraspecies contact interaction ratio is larger than 1, being angular for symmetric mixtures and radial for asymmetric ones. The signature of hidden vortices is evidenced in the particular dipolar-symmetric case. Another relevant outcome is the observed mass-imbalance sensibility verified by the vortex-pattern binary distributions in symmetric and asymmetric-dipolar mixtures, which requires the use of a relation for nonhomogeneous mixtures to estimate the miscibility of two components.
We study the superfluid character of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (DBEC) in a quasi-two dimensional geometry. We consider the dipole polarization to have some nonzero projection into the plane of the condensate so that the effective interaction is anisotropic in this plane, yielding an anisotropic dispersion relation. By performing direct numerical simulations of a probe moving through the DBEC, we observe the sudden onset of drag or creation of vortex-antivortex pairs at critical velocities that depend strongly on the direction of the probe's motion. This anisotropy emerges because of the anisotropic manifestation of a rotonlike mode in the system.
The static and dynamic properties of vortices in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (dBECs) can be considerably modified relative to their nondipolar counterparts by the anisotropic and long-ranged nature of the dipole-dipole interaction. Working in a uniform dBEC, we analyze the structure of single vortices and the dynamics of vortex pairs, investigating the deviations from the nondipolar paradigm. For a straight vortex line, we find that the induced dipolar interaction potential is axially anisotropic when the dipole moments have a nonzero projection orthogonal to the vortex line. This results in a corresponding elongation of the vortex core along this projection as well as an anisotropic superfluid phase and enhanced compressibility in the vicinity of the vortex core. Consequently, the trajectories of like-signed vortex pairs are described by a family of elliptical and oval-like curves rather than the familiar circular orbits. Similarly for opposite-signed vortex pairs their translation speeds along the binormal are found to be dipole-interaction dependent. We expect that these findings will shed light on the underlying mechanisms of many-vortex phenomena in dBECs such as quantum turbulence, vortex reconnections, and vortex lattices.
The static and dynamic properties of vortices in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (dBECs) can be considerably modified relative to their nondipolar counterparts by the anisotropic and long-ranged nature of the dipole-dipole interaction. Working in a uniform dBEC, we analyze the structure of single vortices and the dynamics of vortex pairs, investigating the deviations from the nondipolar paradigm. For a straight vortex line, we find that the induced dipolar interaction potential is axially anisotropic when the dipole moments have a nonzero projection orthogonal to the vortex line. This results in a corresponding elongation of the vortex core along this projection as well as an anisotropic superfluid phase and enhanced compressibility in the vicinity of the vortex core. Consequently, the trajectories of like-signed vortex pairs are described by a family of elliptical and oval-like curves rather than the familiar circular orbits. Similarly for opposite-signed vortex pairs their translation speeds along the binormal are found to be dipole-interaction dependent. We expect that these findings will shed light on the underlying mechanisms of many-vortex phenomena in dBECs such as quantum turbulence, vortex reconnections, and vortex lattices. Published by the American Physical Society 2024