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IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

Enhancement of Physical Layer Security With Simultaneous Beamforming and Jamming for Visible Light Communication Systems

Sunghwan Cho, Gaojie Chen, Justin P. Coon

Published Mar 11, 2019• 80 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper considers physical layer security enhancement mechanisms that utilize simultaneous beamforming and jamming in visible light communication systems with a randomly located eavesdropper under the assumption that there are multiple light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters and one intended user. When an eavesdropper with an augmented front-end receiver is present, the jamming is very useful for preventing the eavesdropper from wiretapping the information since it is not possible to extract only the information component from the received signal if the jamming signal is random. Thus, in this paper, an optimization problem is formulated with a focus on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for the legitimate link, and it is solved by a heuristic method called the concave-convex procedure. Then, a ternary scheme is proposed, which is less complicated than the full (joint) scheme, and it is optimized by adopting a formulation based on an assignment problem, the solution of which is effectively obtained by the so-called tabu search procedure. In addition, the problem of maximizing the average secrecy rate is investigated by utilizing a continuous LED model, which significantly relaxes the complication that rises from calculating the expectation with respect to the location of the eavesdropper. Our analysis and simulation results show that the proposed simultaneous beamforming and jamming strategies (both joint and ternary) are good proxies for maximizing the average secrecy rate by utilizing the statistical information on the eavesdropper's random location.

DOI
10.1109/tifs.2019.2904440

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This paper considers physical layer security enhancement mechanisms that utilize simultaneous beamforming and jamming in visible light communication systems with a randomly located eavesdropper under the assumption that there are multiple light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters and one intended user. When an eavesdropper with an augmented front-end receiver is present, the jamming is very useful for preventing the eavesdropper from wiretapping the information since it is not possible to extract only the information component from the received signal if the jamming signal is random. Thus, in this paper, an optimization problem is formulated with a focus on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for the legitimate link, and it is solved by a heuristic method called the concave-convex procedure. Then, a ternary scheme is proposed, which is less complicated than the full (joint) scheme, and it is optimized by adopting a formulation based on an assignment problem, the solution of which is effectively obtained by the so-called tabu search procedure. In addition, the problem of maximizing the average secrecy rate is investigated by utilizing a continuous LED model, which significantly relaxes the complication that rises from calculating the expectation with respect to the location of the eavesdropper. Our analysis and simulation results show that the proposed simultaneous beamforming and jamming strategies (both joint and ternary) are good proxies for maximizing the average secrecy rate by utilizing the statistical information on the eavesdropper's random location.
Securing visible light communication (VLC) systems with physical-layer technologies has drawn increasing attention. In this paper, we leverage both transmit beamforming and jamming techniques to enhance communication secrecy for a multiple-input single-output (MISO) VLC system with presence of multiple eavesdroppers. The transmit beamformer and jamming precoder are jointly optimized in the sense that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the legitimate user is maximized subject to maximum SNR constraints imposed on eavesdroppers, as well as light-emitting diode (LED) optical power constraints. Despite the fact that the corresponding optimization problem has a nonconvex fractional form, we are able to determine its locally optimal solution via Charnes-Cooper transformation and minorization-maximization algorithm. Furthermore, we study the extension to a more complicated scenario where perfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is not available. The superiority of the proposed algorithms is finally verified via simulations.
Despite offering higher security than radio frequency (RF) channels, the broadcast nature of the visible light communication (VLC) channel makes VLC links inherently susceptible to eavesdropping by unauthorized users. In this work, we consider the physical-layer security of VLC links aided by friendly jamming. The jammer has multiple light sources, but does not have access to the data transmitted. The eavesdropper's reception is degraded by a jamming signal that causes no interference to the legitimate receiver. Due to the limited dynamic range of typical light-emitting diodes (LEDs), both the data and jamming signals are subject to amplitude constraints. Therefore, we begin with deriving a closed-form secrecy rate expression for the corresponding wiretap channel, and adopt secrecy rate as the performance measure. Then, we formulate a linear programming problem to maximize the secrecy rate when the eavesdropper's channel is accurately known to the jammer. Finally, we consider robust beamforming to maximize the worst-case secrecy rate when information about the eavesdropper's channel is uncertain due to location uncertainty. The robust scheme makes use of simple linear programming, making real-time implementation feasible in a variety of real-world scenarios.
This paper proposes a novel cooperative beamforming and jamming scheme to deal with passive and active eavesdroppers (EDs) in indoor visible light communication (VLC) networks. An ED in VLC systems can augment its front-end receiver by implementing possible device modifications; thus, jamming is very useful for curbing such an enhanced ED since it would be impossible to distinguish between the information and jamming signals. In contrast to the traditional artificial noise strategies for VLC that can only deal with either passive or active EDs, we propose a combined scheme of beamforming and jamming that significantly improves secrecy performance when both types of EDs exist. The proposed scheme is designed to maximize the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the legitimate receiver, entirely suppress the SINRs of the active EDs, and restrict the average SINR of the passive EDs. We apply an inverse free preconditioned Krylov subspace projection method and the convex-concave procedure to obtain the suboptimal beamforming weight and jamming intensity vectors. Also, an optimal power splitter coefficient is found through the golden section search method. The numerical results verify that the proposed scheme shows superior performance compared to the three benchmarks: 1) zero-forcing beamforming; 2) artificial noise scheme; and 3) enhanced zero-forcing beamforming.
This paper considers improving the confidentiality of visible light communication (VLC) links within the framework of physical-layer security. We study a VLC scenario with one transmitter, one legitimate receiver, and one eavesdropper. The transmitter has multiple light sources, while the legitimate and unauthorized receivers have a single photodetector, each. We characterize secrecy rates achievable via transmit beamforming over the multiple-input, single-output (MISO) VLC wiretap channel. For VLC systems, intensity modulation (IM) via light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is the most practical transmission scheme. Because of the limited dynamic range of typical LEDs, the modulating signal must satisfy certain amplitude constraints. Hence, we begin with deriving lower and upper bounds on the secrecy capacity of the scalar Gaussian wiretap channel subject to amplitude constraints. Then, we utilize beamforming to obtain a closed-form secrecy rate expression for the MISO wiretap channel. Finally, we propose a robust beamforming scheme to consider the scenario wherein information about the eavesdropper's channel is imperfect due to location uncertainty. A typical application of the proposed scheme is to secure the communication link when the eavesdropper is expected to exist within a specified area. The performance is measured in terms of the worst-case secrecy rate guaranteed under all admissible realizations of the eavesdropper's channel.
This paper considers secrecy enhancement mechanisms in visible light communication (VLC) systems with spatially distributed passive eavesdroppers (EDs) under the assumption that there are multiple LED transmitters and one legitimate user equipment. Based on certain amplitude constraints, we propose a beamforming scheme to improve secrecy performance. Contrary to the case where null-steering is made possible by using knowledge of the ED locations, the proposed beamforming when only statistical information about ED locations is available directs the transmission along a particular eigenmode related to the intensity of the ED process and the intended channel. Then, a LED selection scheme that is less complicated than beamforming is provided to reduce the secrecy outage probability (SOP). An approximate closed-form for the SOP is derived by using secrecy rate bounds. All the analysis is numerically verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis shows that the beamformer yields superior performance to LED selection. However, LED selection is still a highly efficient alternative scheme due to the complexity associated with the use of multiple transmitters in the full beamforming approach. These performance trends and exact relations between system parameters can be used to develop a secure VLC system in the presence of randomly distributed EDs.
Visible light communication (VLC) is a burgeoning field in wireless communications as it considers illumination and communication simultaneously. The broadcast nature of VLC makes it necessary to consider the security of underlying transmissions. A physical-layer security (PLS) scheme by introducing jamming LEDs is considered in this paper. The secrecy rate of an indoor VLC system with multiple LEDs, one legitimate receiver, and multiple eavesdroppers is investigated. Three distributions of input signal are assumed, i.e., truncated generalized normal distribution (TGN), uniform distribution, and exponential distribution. The results show that jamming can improve the secrecy performance efficiently. This paper also demonstrates that when the numbers of LEDs transmitting information-bearing signal and jamming signal are equal, the average secrecy rate can be maximized.