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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Detailed balance of thermalization dynamics in a Rydberg quantum simulator

Hyosub Kim, YeJe Park, Kyungtae Kim, H.-S. Sim, Jaewook Ahn

Published May 31, 2018• 0 citations
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Dynamics of large complex systems, such as relaxation towards equilibrium in classical statistical mechanics, often obeys a master equation that captures essential information from the complexities. Here, we find that thermalization of an isolated many-body quantum state can be described by a master equation. We observe sudden quench dynamics of quantum Ising-like models implemented in our quantum simulator, defect-free single-atom tweezers in conjunction with Rydberg-atom interaction. Saturation of their local observables, a thermalization signature, obeys a master equation experimentally constructed by monitoring the occupation probabilities of prequench states and imposing the principle of the detailed balance. Our experiment agrees with theories and demonstrates the detailed balance in a thermalization dynamics that does not require coupling to baths or postulated randomness.
Quantum detailed balance conditions and quantum fluctuation relations are two important concepts in the dynamics of open quantum systems: both concern how such systems behave when they thermalize because of interaction with an environment. We prove that for thermalizing quantum dynamics the quantum detailed balance conditions yield validity of a quantum fluctuation relation (where only forward-time dynamics is considered). This implies that to have such a quantum fluctuation relation (which in turn enables a precise formulation of the second law of thermodynamics for quantum systems) it suffices to fulfill the quantum detailed balance conditions. We, however, show that the converse is not necessarily true; indeed, there are cases of thermalizing dynamics which feature the quantum fluctuation relation without satisfying detailed balance. We illustrate our results with three examples.
Open quantum systems that comply with the master equation and detailed balance decay in a non-oscillatory manner to thermal equilibrium. Beyond the weak coupling limit, systems that break microreversibility (e.g., in the presence of magnetic fields) violate detailed balance but still thermalize. We study the thermalization of these systems and show that a temperature increase produces novel exceptional points that indicate a sharp transition in the thermalization dynamics. A further temperature increase fuels oscillations of the energy level populations, even without quantum coherences. Moreover, the violation of detailed balance introduces an energy scale that characterizes the oscillatory regime at high temperatures.