The unity of classical physics was broken by quantum uncertainty on the micro level and curved spacetime on the cosmic level. In contrast, a novel neoclassical picture is presented*, which incorporates key aspects of quantum and relativistic physics, while maintaining deterministic local reality at all levels. This is based on the following principles: 1) Real rotating vector fields self-organize into soliton-like wave packets with quantized spin; these represent elementary particles. 2) Characteristic frequency and wavelength of these wave packets define time and space, and are modulated by gravity. 3) Wave packets maintain constant frequency for both massive and massless particles, reproducing relativistic trajectories. 4) Transitions are due to continuous interactions between wave packets that conserve total frequency, wavevector, and spin. This approach maintains quantum discreteness without Hilbert space, and reproduces curved light without spacetime. But this also predicts sharp deviations from some simple predictions of orthodox quantum theory, such as the two-stage Stern-Gerlach experiment. *A.M. Kadin, “Fundamental Waves and the Reunification of Physics”, Foundational Questions Institute Essay Contest, 2017, available online at https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2972.
The unity of classical physics was broken by quantum uncertainty on the micro level and curved spacetime on the cosmic level. In contrast, a novel neoclassical picture is presented*, which incorporates key aspects of quantum and relativistic physics, while maintaining deterministic local reality at all levels. This is based on the following principles: 1) Real rotating vector fields self-organize into soliton-like wave packets with quantized spin; these represent elementary particles. 2) Characteristic frequency and wavelength of these wave packets define time and space, and are modulated by gravity. 3) Wave packets maintain constant frequency for both massive and massless particles, reproducing relativistic trajectories. 4) Transitions are due to continuous interactions between wave packets that conserve total frequency, wavevector, and spin. This approach maintains quantum discreteness without Hilbert space, and reproduces curved light without spacetime. But this also predicts sharp deviations from some simple predictions of orthodox quantum theory, such as the two-stage Stern-Gerlach experiment. *A.M. Kadin, “Fundamental Waves and the Reunification of Physics”, Foundational Questions Institute Essay Contest, 2017, available online at https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2972.
In the 20th century, physics was split into quantum mechanics on the microscale, classical mechanics on the macroscale, and general relativity on the cosmic scale, each with a distinct conceptual framework. On the contrary, a simple realistic picture of fundamental waves can provide the basis for reunifying physics on all scales. This neoclassical synthesis combines aspects of classical, quantum, and relativistic physics, but is distinct from each of them. Electrons are soliton-like waves with quantized spin, which locally define time and space. In contrast, nucleons and atoms are simply composites, with no wave nature of their own. There are no point particles, quantum entanglement, or gravitational singularities. Furthermore, mathematical abstractions such as curved spacetime and complex quantum waves in Hilbert space are not fundamental at all. This approach makes predictions that differ from orthodox theory, which can be tested.
A consistent theory of nature must account for both microscopic quantum waves and macroscopic relativistic particle trajectories. In the recent "New Quantum Paradigm", locally realistic rotating vector fields comprise fundamental particles with spin. These same coherent quantum rotators constitute local clocks that define local time, in a way that agrees with general relativity to first order, but provides surprising new insights (e.g., no black holes). This paradigm avoids conventional paradoxes of quantum indeterminacy and entanglement. All information on quantum systems follows directly from the dynamics of real fields in real space; no further information is obtained by reference to abstract quantum Hilbert space. This simple but unconventional picture provides a consistent unified foundation for all of modern physics.
## Abstract ## For over a century, the foundational assumptions of wave-particle duality and the massless photon have forced standard quantum mechanics to rely on non-locality, abstract probability, and the violation of Bell's inequalities to explain entanglement. This paper introduces the Binary Unified Theory (BUT), a ground-up classical framework that replaces abstract probability amplitudes with pure, deterministic kinematics. BUT posits that all light and matter are complex kinematic systems constructed from exactly two fundamental, oppositely charged, zero-radius particles—the Poson and the Negon—traveling perpetually at the universally constant speed of light (c) and interacting via continuous, rigid 1/d fields. Within this framework:* The Photon (n=2): Light emerges naturally as a composite double-helix structure, physically uniting wave periodicity with quantized, discrete energy packets. Relativistic Doppler shift and spin projections are derived strictly from classical rotational kinematics.* Matter (n>2): Macroscopic matter and laboratory detectors are modeled as dense, non-linear chaotic swarms of fundamental charges. Rest mass and relativistic time dilation are physically realized as internal kinematic path-length constraints dictated by vector addition. * The Epistemic Barrier: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is fundamentally redefined. It is not an ontological law dictating that reality is inherently blurred, but an absolute epistemic measurement barrier mathematically guaranteed by classical N-body chaos and Liouville's Theorem during the deterministic collision of macroscopic measurement devices (n>2) with subatomic systems.* Local Realism Restored: By invalidating the idealized assumption of statistical independence through continuous field connections, this framework demonstrates that quantum correlations are a natural consequence of shared causal histories, restoring strict local realism to the subatomic domain without requiring non-local "spooky action at a distance." Additionally, this continuous-field framework provides clear geometric derivations for the emergence of macroscopic 1/d^2 forces (Coulomb and Gravity) via phase-cancellation and multipole effects, while exposing quarks and the Yukawa potential as resonant geometric artifacts of confined chaotic traffic. --- ## Included Files in this Record 1. `Donaldson-Binary_Unified_Theory.pdf` - The full, compile-ready version of record for the preprint manuscript.2+3. `main.tex` and `references.bib` - The complete LaTeX source file containing the raw `.tex` file with the `.bib` bibliography for full open-science transparency and reproducibility.4. `BUT_Simulator.zip` - An interactive, self-contained HTML/JavaScript computational engine that maps out and visualizes the dynamic, non-linear trajectories and continuous field configurations of the Binary Unified Theory. To run, extract the archive and open the HTML file in any modern web browser.
A fundamental error is identified in the foundations of current quantum theory. The error is shown to be the source of the various noncausal and unphysical aspects of the theory. When the error is corrected, a new theory arises, which is both local and deterministic, but which nonetheless does not conflict with Bell’s theorem. The new theory reproduces quantitatively all the predictions of current quantum mechanics, with the exception of double-delayed-choice Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) phenomena. A shortcoming in Aspect's experiment testing such phenomena is pointed out, and a definitive experiment is proposed. The EPR paradox is resolved. The uncertainty principle is derived on a causal, deterministic basis. The theory is “automatically ” relativistic; that is, the constancy of the velocity of light c relative to all observers follows as an immediate consequence of the new quantum theory, which constancy thus acquires a simple physical explanation. General relativity also acquires a simple, physical explanation. A pictorial interpretation of Feynman diagrams is obtained. The theory provides a clear physical explanation for the Aharonov–Bohm effect and suggests an explanation for the irreversibility of quantum statistical processes. Quantum statistics, Bose and Fermi, are explained in a simple, pictorial manner. Overall, it is shown that quantum and relativistic phenomena can be understood in an objective manner, in which facts are facts, causality is valid, and reality is real. The theory provides a single framework in which all known physical phenomena can be comprehended, thus accomplishing the objective of a unified field theory. Key words: quantum theory foundations, Bell’s theorem, delayed choice, special relativity, Feynman diagrams, Aharonov–Bohm effect, general relativity, unified theory, reality
A new, very different physical model of the universe is proposed. Its virtues include unifying relativity and quantum mechanics, and particles with de Broglie waves. It also appears to provide a truly unified physical basis for electromagnetic, gravitational and nuclear forces. The basic system is a four-dimensional Euclidean space, containing an array of nonlinear "flow" waves. These repeat in one dimension, called [phi]. As in Newtonian mechanics, time is treated as an additional, unidirectional parameter describing the evolution of the system. Nevertheless, this wave system is shown be inherently relativistic. Further self-organizing patterns arise within the overall wave structure. Called "wavicles," these have intrinsic quantized fields, "spin," and rest energy, and represent elementary particles. Relativistic expressions are derived for particle behavior in scalar, vector and gravitational potentials. Proper representations of these potentials, based on the wave fields and associated [phi] flows of wavicles, are also obtained. As in the causal quantum mechanics of de Broglie and Bohm, wavicles exist continuously and follow definite, stochastic trajectories. Although experimentally equivalent to Einstein's special relativity, this theory differs fundamentally from his general relativity and the associated Big Bang model. According to Linde, the latter predict a large-scale space-time curvature roughly 60 orders of magnitude greater than observed values. Here a flat large-scale geometry is predicted, in agreement with the observed distribution of galaxies. This theory is also consistent with recent observations pertaining to the age of the universe.
Conventional relativity places four-dimensional spacetime connected by Lorentz transformations, and fourdimensional spacetime curved by gravity, at the foundation of physical spacetime, whereas quantum mechanics places Hilbert space at the foundation of state description. As long as these two structures are simultaneously treated as fundamental realities, relativistic quantum theory and quantum gravity must begin with the problem of how a dynamically curved spacetime is to be quantized and made consistent with Hilbert-space states. Nakaza New Relativity Theory (NNRT) changes this very point of departure. NNRT takes universal time and universal three-dimensional space as physical spacetime and connects the real motions of all inertial systems by the Galilean Transformation (GT), while relocating the Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, and the gravitational metric to the observational and measurement layer obtained through electromagnetic phase. The successful mathematics and experimental values of conventional relativity are therefore retained, but the ontology in which curved and deformable four-dimensional spacetime is the unique physical spacetime is not retained. This paper uses NNRT as a new entry into quantum mechanics and repositions Hilbert space not as physical space, but as a mathematical representation space that preserves states, phases, probabilities, and correlations. Using the atomic clock as a concrete example, the paper further presents a continuous observational chain in which quantum levels generate a frequency scale and the resulting phase signal is compared between systems through relative motion and gravitational fields. Accordingly, the conventional entry point—how to quantize a physically real curved four-dimensional spacetime and incorporate it into Hilbert space—loses its premise within NNRT, and quantum theory and relativity are reconstructed as distinct representational and observational structures arising from a common universal physical spacetime. Schrödinger’s cat, EPR/Bell correlations, time dilation, length contraction, the twin problem, and the reification of the gravitational metric can then be organized as manifestations of a common ontological operation: identifying a mathematical representation with physical reality itself. The significance of this paper is therefore not to add another interpretation alongside conventional relativity, but to absorb its successful mathematics into the observational layer of NNRT and, by turning the ontological point of departure, to provide a new formulation of foundational problems that includes quantum mechanics.