Fermionization is what happens when repulsive interacting bosons in one spatial dimension feel infinite interaction. Due to their strong repulsion the bosons try to minimize their spatial overlap like the fermions. Fermionized bosons and noninteracting fermions resemble each other and we trace these similarities of strongly correlated one-dimensional bosonic systems and fermionic system by exploring their ground state properties using the one- and two-body density matrix in coordinate space. We solve the N-body Schrödinger equation accurately and from first principles using the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons (MCTDHB) method. Using the one- and two-body density in momentum space, fermionized bosons can be distinguished from noninteracting fermions.
Fermionization is what happens when repulsive interacting bosons in one spatial dimension feel infinite interaction. Due to their strong repulsion the bosons try to minimize their spatial overlap like the fermions. Fermionized bosons and noninteracting fermions resemble each other and we trace these similarities of strongly correlated one-dimensional bosonic systems and fermionic system by exploring their ground state properties using the one- and two-body density matrix in coordinate space. We solve the N-body Schrödinger equation accurately and from first principles using the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons (MCTDHB) method. Using the one- and two-body density in momentum space, fermionized bosons can be distinguished from noninteracting fermions.
Fermionization is what happens to the state of strongly interacting repulsive bosons interacting with contact interactions in one spatial dimension. Crystallization is what happens for sufficiently strongly interacting repulsive bosons with dipolar interactions in one spatial dimension. Crystallization and fermionization resemble each other: in both cases - due to their repulsion - the bosons try to minimize their spatial overlap. We trace these two hallmark phases of strongly correlated one-dimensional bosonic systems by exploring their ground state properties using the one- and two-body density matrix. We solve the N-body Schrödinger equation accurately and from first principles using the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons (MCTDHB) and for fermions (MCTDHF) methods. Using the one- and two-body density, fermionization can be distinguished from crystallization in position space. For N interacting bosons, a splitting into an N-fold pattern in the one-body and two-body density is a unique feature of both, fermionization and crystallization. We demonstrate that this splitting is incomplete for fermionized bosons and restricted by the confinement potential. This incomplete splitting is a consequence of the convergence of the energy in the limit of infinite repulsion and is in agreement with complementary results that we obtain for fermions using MCTDHF. For crystalline bosons, in contrast, the splitting is complete: the interaction energy is capable of overcoming the confinement potential. Our results suggest that the spreading of the density as a function of the dipolar interaction strength diverges as a power law. We describe how to distinguish fermionization from crystallization experimentally from measurements of the one- and two-body density.
We study the dynamical fermionization of strongly interacting one-dimensional bosons in Tonks-Girardeau limit by solving the time-dependent many-boson Schr\"odinger equation numerically exactly. We establish that the one-body momentum distribution approaches the ideal Fermi gas distribution at the time of dynamical fermionization. The analysis is further complemented by the measures on the two-body level. The dynamical fermionization in the two-body level should be inferred as the presence of a distinct correlation hole along the diagonal of two-body correlation. Investigation of two-body momentum distribution for the strongly interacting bosons clearly exhibits a pattern along the diagonal which is not extinguished at the time of fermionization. Two-body local and nonlocal correlation also clearly distinguish the fermionized bosons from noninteracting fermions. The magnitude of distinguishablity between the two systems is further discussed employing suitable measures of information theory, i.e., the well-known Kullback-Leibler relative entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence entropy. We also observe very rich structure in the higher-body density for strongly correlated bosons, whereas noninteracting fermions do not possess any higher-order correlation beyond two-body.
We study the dynamical fermionization of strongly interacting one-dimensional bosons in Tonks-Girardeau limit by solving the time dependent many-boson Schrödinger equation numerically exactly. We establish that the one-body momentum distribution approaches the ideal Fermi gas distribution at the time of dynamical fermionization. The analysis is further complemented by the measures on two-body level. Investigation on two-body momentum distribution, two-body local and non-local correlation clearly distinguish the fermionized bosons from non-interacting fermions. The magnitude of distinguishablity between the two systems is further discussed employing suitable measures of information theory, i.e., the well known Kullback-Leibler relative entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence entropy. We also observe very rich structure in the higher-body density for strongly correlated bosons whereas non-interacting fermions do not possess any higher order correlation beyond two-body.
In this thesis, we study the physical properties of several ultracold few-boson systems depending on the interactions between their constituents. Nowadays, experimentally, it is possible to have great control with high precision over the geometry and the interactions between the particles, making them an excellent setup to test directly the principles of quantum mechanics. A very interesting point is to study the evolution of their properties with the number of particles. The theoretical study of these systems pretends to microscopically understand the current experimental results and give support to new experimental developments.\n\n\t\t\t\t The method that will be used is the exact diagonalization of the Hamiltonian of the system. As we will see, in spite of the attempts to improve it, the method is limited by the fact that, in practice, it is only useful to study few-particle systems. The method has several advantages. First of all, one has access to both the ground and the excited states. In second place, the method is variational and converges to the exact solution as long as the Hilbert space in which we diagonalize is enlarged.\n\t\t\t\t Moreover, since we have access to the states of the system, it is possible to calculate any observable quantity of interest.\n\n\t\t\t\t First, we will study a system of spinless bosons trapped in a two-dimensional harmonic potential. The effect of the trap is to keep the system bound. It will be seen how the presence of a repulsive interaction changes the energy spectrum and other properties of the system. For instance, the density profile, which is usually measurable, and also the two-body distribution function, which is intimately related to the existence of correlations.\n\n\t\t\t\t Afterwards, the focus will be on the particular case of having only two bosons in the system interacting through a strong repulsive force. Inspired by the one-dimensional case where the fermionization phenomenon takes place in the strongly-interacting limit, we will study whether in two dimensions there is a resembling reminiscent effect. In other words, we will analyze if there are properties of the two strongly-interacting bosons in two dimensions that are like the ones of two noninteracting fermions.\n\n\t\t\t\t After that, we will tackle the localization phenomenon in a one-dimensional system that is caused by an external speckle potential that introduces disorder in the system. We will show that the localization is a robust phenomenon against repulsive contact interactions.\n\n\t\t\t\t Finally, we will study the influence of the spin-orbit coupling in a system of bosons with two possible pseudospin components, associated, for instance, to two hyperfine levels, confined in a two-dimensional harmonic trap. We will present an exhaustive analysis of the combined effects of the interaction and the spin-orbit coupling in the spectrum and the properties of the system. In particular we show the existence of a crossover in the ground state of the system susceptible to be experimentally identified.
We investigate the coherence and correlations of many-body states appearing in topological pumping in a one-dimensional Bose gas. By analyzing the system at zero and infinite interaction strengths, we reveal a rescaling of momentum distributions accompanied by a self-similar behavior in first- and second-order correlation functions. In the excited states of noninteracting bosons, the momentum distribution shows a comblike structure similar to that of noninteracting fermions but at a higher density. This is mirrored by Friedel oscillations in the one-body density matrix. At the same time, the density-density correlations still exhibit a bosonic enhancement. Our work illustrates how topological pumping induces a nontrivial mapping between bosonic and fermionic correlations.
The system of two interacting bosons in a two-dimensional harmonic trap is compared with the system consisting of two noninteracting fermions in the same potential. In particular, we discuss how the properties of the ground state of the system, e.g., the different contributions to the total energy, change as we vary both the strength and range of the atom–atom interaction. In particular, we focus on the short-range and strong interacting limit of the two-boson system and compare it to the noninteracting two-fermion system by properly symmetrizing the corresponding degenerate ground state wave functions. In that limit, we show that the density profile of the two-boson system has a tendency similar to the system of two noninteracting fermions. Similarly, the correlations induced when the interaction strength is increased result in a similar pair correlation function for both systems.