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CRC Press eBooks

Saturation Absorption Spectroscopy

Pradip Narayan Ghosh

Published Feb 19, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This chapter considers the radiation confined in a one dimensional cavity with two reflecting mirrors at the two ends of the cell of length. The moving atoms will interact with the two oppositely moving waves and the interaction is expected to lead to a hole by each wave depending on the detuning. Lamb dip or saturation absorption spectroscopy experiments on rubidium (Rb) are carried out with low power frequency tunable diode lasers. The laser frequency depends on laser temperature and laser current. The coarse tuning of the laser is provided by the temperature and current control. In the case of saturation absorption spectroscopy the laser radiation from the external cavity diode laser is split into two fractions by a beam splitter. The reflected part is sent to the Rb cell and constitutes the forward moving probe beam. The other fraction is transmitted through the beam splitter.

DOI
10.1201/9780429492396-4

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Bulletin of the American Physical Society•Jun 11, 2015•0 citations
This chapter considers the radiation confined in a one dimensional cavity with two reflecting mirrors at the two ends of the cell of length. The moving atoms will interact with the two oppositely moving waves and the interaction is expected to lead to a hole by each wave depending on the detuning. Lamb dip or saturation absorption spectroscopy experiments on rubidium (Rb) are carried out with low power frequency tunable diode lasers. The laser frequency depends on laser temperature and laser current. The coarse tuning of the laser is provided by the temperature and current control. In the case of saturation absorption spectroscopy the laser radiation from the external cavity diode laser is split into two fractions by a beam splitter. The reflected part is sent to the Rb cell and constitutes the forward moving probe beam. The other fraction is transmitted through the beam splitter.
Experiments using relatively inexpensive tunable diode lasers are used to study high-resolution absorption spectroscopy in alkali vapors. Direct absorption spectra for cesium and rubidium show adsorption profiles that are Doppler-broadened. A second experiment demonstrates saturated adsorption spectroscopy to remove Doppler broadening in atomic spectroscopy for rubidium atoms in a cell at room temperature. Lamb dips are seen in the Doppler-broadened profiles. Finally a third experiment is described which demonstrate Doppler-free two photon spectroscopy for rubidium vapour. All of these experiments were historical stepping stones toward the creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate.
Abstract Experiments using relatively inexpensive tunable diode lasers are used to study high-resolution absorption spectroscopy in alkali vapor. Direct absorption spectra for cesium and rubidium show adsorption profiles that are Doppler-broadened. A second experiment demonstrates saturated adsorption spectroscopy to remove Doppler broadening in atomic spectroscopy for rubidium atoms in a cell at room temperature. Lamb dips are seen in the Doppler-broadened profiles. Finally, a third experiment is described which demonstrates Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy for rubidium vapor. All of these experiments were historical stepping stones toward the creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate.
The goal of this experiment was to measure the hyperfine energy splittings of the ground to first excited state transitions in rubidium using saturated absorption spectroscopy. Using this technique, we measured these transition energy spectra by taking the difference of two photodiode outputs due to multiple beams of a single laser scanned over a range of frequencies and shone through a cell of Rb vapor. When the laser frequency was resonant with an atomic transition, photons of those frequencies were absorbed, leaving a dip in intensity of the beam measured at the photodiode. One of the two laser beams had its excitations saturated by a more intense, counter-propagating pump beam from the same laser. The pump beam saturated the absorption of the velocity equal zero atoms that the counter-propagating probe beam could have also interacted with due to no Doppler shift. At these frequencies the probe beam experienced less absorption that was measured by a photodiode. The photodiode output was calibrated to the change in frequency of the scanned laser using a Fabry-Pérot interferometer. The output of this interferometer served as a reference for how the laser frequency changed. Final results for the 87Rb F=1 spectrum accounted for the largest error with a maximum of 12.2% deviation from accepted energy spacing values due in part to systematic error. Other spectra measurements were in better agreement, possessing error ranging from 2.1% to 10.1% and some agreeing with accepted values to within our uncertainty.
Precise laser stabilization is a fundamental aspect of modern metrology, directly influencing the accuracy of fundamental measurements in fields such as high-precision metrology, atomic sensor applications, and quantum technologies. Saturation absorption spectroscopy (SAS) is one of the most effective techniques for achieving high spectral stability, as it enables laser frequencies to be locked to atomic resonances. This technique exploits the nonlinear interaction between a weaker probe beam and a stronger pump beam within a rubidium (Rb) atomic vapor cell. By eliminating Doppler broadening, SAS allows well-defined hyperfine transitions to be resolved, providing a reliable optical frequency reference. This study aims to optimize laser frequency stabilization using the SAS technique by investigating the effects of laser light polarization, atomic vapor cell temperature, and pump-probe power adjustments. Polarization-dependent selection rules influence transition probabilities, thereby affecting spectral contrast and frequency stability. Additionally, atomic density variations, which depend on the vapor cell temperature, influence signal strength and linewidth, necessitating precise temperature control for optimal performance. Furthermore, the pump power must be sufficient to induce saturation without excessive power broadening, while the probe power must remain low enough to prevent spectral line distortion. By optimizing polarization, temperature, and power parameters, the stabilization of the Rb atomic laser can be enhanced, leading to improved reproducibility and consistency in high-precision measurements. SAS-based laser stabilization is particularly crucial for atomic sensor applications and quantum technologies, where highly stable, narrow-linewidth lasers are essential for precision measurements. Applications such as atomic magnetometers, gyroscopes, and inertial navigation systems depend on precisely stabilized lasers for optimal performance. By enhancing the reliability of laser frequency stabilization, this work contributes to the advancement of next-generation atomic sensors with improved sensitivity and stability.
An ongoing spectroscopic investigation of atomic rubidium utilizes a two-photon, single-laser excitation process. Transitions accessible with our tunable laser include 5P1/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F) and 5P3/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F). The laser is split into a pump and probe beam to allow for Doppler-free measurements of transitions between hyperfine levels. The pump and probe beams are overlapped in a counter-propagating geometry and the laser frequency scans over a transition. Absorption, fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy techniques are applied to this basic experimental setup. The temperature of the vapor cell and the power of the pump and probe beams have been varied to explore line broadening effects and signal-to-noise of each technique. This humble setup will hopefully grow into a more robust experimental arrangement in which double resonance, two-laser excitations are used to explore hyperfine state changing collisions between rubidium atoms and noble gas atoms. Rb-noble gas collisions can transfer population between hyperfine levels, such as 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3) Collision ←− 5P3/2 (F ′ = 2), and the probe beam couples 7S1/2 (F ′′ = 2) ← 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3). Polarization spectroscopy signal depends on the rate of population transfer due to the collision as well as maintaining the orientation created by the pump laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy relies only on transfer of population due to the collision. Comparison of these techniques yields information regarding the change of the magnetic sublevels, mF , during hyperfine state changing collisions.