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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Comparison of channels in operator algebras

Andrzej Łuczak

Published Feb 1, 2019• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two quantum channels are compared in terms of their “noisiness.” The channel E is considered to be less noisy than the channel F, denoted by F≺E, if for an arbitrary ensemble of states {φ1, …, φr}, the states Eφ1,…,Eφr are more distinguishable than the states Fφ1,…,Fφr. The relation ≺ is characterized for arbitrary von Neumann algebras in arbitrary dimension.

DOI
10.1063/1.5074187

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Two quantum channels are compared in terms of their “noisiness.” The channel E is considered to be less noisy than the channel F, denoted by F≺E, if for an arbitrary ensemble of states {φ1, …, φr}, the states Eφ1,…,Eφr are more distinguishable than the states Fφ1,…,Fφr. The relation ≺ is characterized for arbitrary von Neumann algebras in arbitrary dimension.
A quantum analogue of the famous Blackwell Theorem in classical statistics has recently been proposed. Given two quantum channels A and B, a set of payoff functions have been proven to have values for B at least as high as they are for A if and only if there exists a quantum garbling channel E such that A=EB. When such a channel E exists, we can globally compare A and B in terms of their `noisiness'. We show that this method of channel noise comparison is equivalent to one obtained by considering the degradation of the distinguishability of states. Here, the channel A is said to be at least as noisy as the channel B if any ensemble of states, fed into each channel and possibly entangled with ancillae, emerges no more distinguishable from A than it does from channel B, where distinguishability is quantified by the minimum error discrimination probability. We also provide a novel application to eavesdropper detection in quantum cryptography.
Two partial orderings among communication channels, namely “being degradable into” and “being less noisy than,” are reconsidered in the light of recent results about statistical comparisons of quantum channels. Though our analysis covers at once both classical and quantum channels, we also provide a separate treatment of classical noisy channels and show how in this case an alternative self-contained proof can be constructed, with its own particular merits with respect to the general result.
We define classical quantum multiway channels for transmission of classical information, after recent work by Allahverdyan and Saakian. Bounds on the capacity region are derived in a uniform way, which are analogous to the classically known ones, simply replacing Shannon entropy with von Neumann entropy. For the single receiver case (multiple-access channel) the exact capacity region is determined. These results are applied to the case of noisy channels, with arbitrary input signal states. A second issue of this work is the presentation of a calculus of quantum information quantities, based on the algebraic formulation of quantum theory.
A pair of quantum channels is said to be incompatible if they cannot be realized as marginals of a single channel. This paper addresses the general structure of the incompatibility of completely positive channels with a fixed quantum input space and with general outcome operator algebras. We define a compatibility relation for such channels by identifying the composite outcome space as the maximal (projective) C*-tensor product of outcome algebras. We show theorems that characterize this compatibility relation in terms of the concatenation and conjugation of channels, generalizing the recent result for channels with quantum outcome spaces. These results are applied to the positive operator valued measures (POVMs) by identifying each of them with the corresponding quantum-classical (QC) channel. We also give a characterization of the maximality of a POVM with respect to the post-processing preorder in terms of the conjugate channel of the QC channel. We consider another definition of compatibility of normal channels by identifying the composite outcome space with the normal tensor product of the outcome von Neumann algebras. We prove that for a given normal channel, the class of normally compatible channels is upper bounded by a special class of channels called tensor conjugate channels. We show the inequivalence of the C*- and normal compatibility relations for QC channels, which originates from the possibility and impossibility of copying operations for commutative von Neumann algebras in C*- and normal compatibility relations, respectively.
Abstract We generalize our results in paper I in this series to quantum channels between general von Neumann algebras, proving the approximate recoverability of states which undergo a small change in relative entropy through the channel. To this end, we derive a strengthened form of the quantum data processing inequality for the change in relative entropy of two states under a channel between two von Neumann algebras. Compared to the usual inequality, there is an explicit lower bound involving the fidelity between the original state and a recovery channel.