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Nature Communications

Experimental time-reversed adaptive Bell measurement towards all-photonic quantum repeaters

Yasushi Hasegawa, Rikizo Ikuta, Nobuyuki Matsuda, Kiyoshi Tamaki, Hoi‐Kwong Lo, Takashi Yamamoto, Koji Azuma, Nobuyuki Imoto

Published Jan 28, 2019• 65 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An all-optical network is identified as a promising infrastructure for fast and energy-efficient communication. Recently, it has been shown that its quantum version based on 'all-photonic quantum repeaters'-inheriting, at least, the same advantages-expands its possibility to the quantum realm, that is, a global quantum internet with applications far beyond the conventional Internet. Here we report a proof-of-principle experiment for a key component for the all-photonic repeaters-called all-photonic time-reversed adaptive (TRA) Bell measurement, with a proposal for the implementation. In particular, our TRA measurement-based only on optical devices without any quantum memories and any quantum error correction-passively but selectively performs the Bell measurement only on single photons that have successfully survived their lossy travel over optical channels. In fact, our experiment shows that only the survived single-photon state is faithfully teleported without the disturbance from the other lost photons, as the theory predicts.

DOI
10.1038/s41467-018-08099-5

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An all-optical network is identified as a promising infrastructure for fast and energy-efficient communication. Recently, it has been shown that its quantum version based on 'all-photonic quantum repeaters'-inheriting, at least, the same advantages-expands its possibility to the quantum realm, that is, a global quantum internet with applications far beyond the conventional Internet. Here we report a proof-of-principle experiment for a key component for the all-photonic repeaters-called all-photonic time-reversed adaptive (TRA) Bell measurement, with a proposal for the implementation. In particular, our TRA measurement-based only on optical devices without any quantum memories and any quantum error correction-passively but selectively performs the Bell measurement only on single photons that have successfully survived their lossy travel over optical channels. In fact, our experiment shows that only the survived single-photon state is faithfully teleported without the disturbance from the other lost photons, as the theory predicts.
The time-reversed version of entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD), called measurement-device-independent QKD (mdiQKD), was originally introduced to close arbitrary security loopholes of measurement devices. Here we show that the mdiQKD has another advantage which should be distinguished from the entanglement-based QKD. In particular, an all-photonic adaptive Bell measurement, based on the concept of quantum repeaters, can be installed solely in the mdiQKD, which leads to a square root improvement in the key rate. This Bell measurement also provides a similar improvement in the single-photon-based entanglement generation of quantum repeaters.
The all-photonic quantum repeater scheme, utilizing a type of graph state called the repeater graph state (RGS), promises resilience to photon losses and operational errors, offering a fast Bell pair generation rate limited only by the RGS creation time (rather than enforced round-trip waits). While existing research has predominantly focused on RGS generation and secret key sharing rate analysis, there is a need to extend investigations to encompass broader applications, such as distributed computation and teleportation, the main tasks envisioned for the Quantum Internet. Here we propose a new emitter-photonic qubit building block and an RGS protocol that addresses several key considerations: end node involvement in connection establishment, decoding of logical qubits within the RGS, and computing the Pauli frame corrections at each participating node to ensure the desired correct end-to-end Bell pair state. Our proposed building block significantly reduces the total number of emissive quantum memories required for end nodes and seamlessly integrates all-photonic and memory-based repeaters under the same communication protocol. We also present an algorithm for decoding logical measurement results, employing graphical reasoning based on graph state manipulation rules.
Quantum networking, heralded as the next frontier in communication networks, envisions a realm where quantum computers and devices collaborate to unlock capabilities beyond what is possible with the Internet. A critical component for realizing a long-distance quantum network, and ultimately, the Quantum Internet, is the quantum repeater. As with the race to build a scalable quantum computer with different technologies, various schemes exist for building quantum repeaters. This article offers a gentle introduction to the two-way “all-photonic quantum repeaters,” a recent addition to quantum repeater technologies. In contrast to conventional approaches, these repeaters eliminate the need for quantum memories, offering the dual benefits of higher repetition rates and intrinsic tolerance to both quantum operational errors and photon losses. Using visualization and simple rules for manipulating graph states, we describe how all-photonic quantum repeaters work. We discuss the problem of the increased volume of classical communication required by this scheme, which places a huge processing requirement on the end nodes. We address this problem by presenting a solution that decreases the amount of classical communication by three orders of magnitude. We conclude by highlighting other key open challenges in translating the theoretical all-photonic framework into real-world implementation, providing insights into the practical considerations and future research directions of all-photonic quantum repeater technology.
Quantum communication holds promise for unconditionally secure transmission of secret messages and faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photons appear to be the medium of choice for quantum communication. Owing to photon losses, robust quantum communication over long lossy channels requires quantum repeaters. It is widely believed that a necessary and highly demanding requirement for quantum repeaters is the existence of matter quantum memories. Here we show that such a requirement is, in fact, unnecessary by introducing the concept of all-photonic quantum repeaters based on flying qubits. In particular, we present a protocol based on photonic cluster-state machine guns and a loss-tolerant measurement equipped with local high-speed active feedforwards. We show that, with such all-photonic quantum repeaters, the communication efficiency scales polynomially with the channel distance. Our result paves a new route towards quantum repeaters with efficient single-photon sources rather than matter quantum memories.
Quantum memories for light are the building blocks of quantum repeaters which would allow to extend the distance of quantum communication schemes far beyond what is feasible today. The implementation of a quantum memory at telecommunication-wavelength is of great interest in this context. A proof of principle experiment of such a device showing the storage and retrieval of light at the single photon level in an erbium doped solid was successfully carried out. Furthermore, important steps towards the implementation of a quantum memory with a high temporal multimode capacity and very long storage times were made. Besides the realization of light storage experiments, a study of the absorption structure of the rare-earth-ion-doped materials used was made and a spectral holeburning techniques were developped, allowing for memory experiments.
The implementation of quantum memory, i.e. a quantum interface between light and matter, is central to advanced applications of quantum information processing and communication [1]. Notably, quantum memories are key ingredients in quantum repeaters [2], which promise extending quantum communication beyond its current distance limit. After a brief review of the working principle of a quantum repeater and the state-of-the-art of experimental investigations into quantum memory, we will present the reversible transfer of photon-photon entanglement into entanglement between a photon and an excitation in a thulium-doped lithium-niobate waveguide cooled to 3K. Our finding constitutes an important step towards quantum repeaters and fully quantum-enabled networks.