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IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security

Performance Evaluation of Secure Communication Systems on Turing Machines

Holger Boche, Rafael F. Schaefer, H. Vincent Poor

Published Dec 1, 2018• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Communication systems need to satisfy pre-specified requirements on spectral efficiency and security. Physical layer security is a concept that unifies both and connects them with entropic quantities. This paper presents a frame-work based on Turing machines to address the question of deciding whether or not a communication system meets these requirements. It is known that the class of Turing solvable problems coincides with the class of algorithmically solvable problems so that this framework allows for effective verification of such performance requirements. In this paper, it is shown that certain scenarios such as the wire-tap channel or compound channel are Turing computable so that the corresponding communication protocols can be effectively verified. A condition is presented and proved under which a communication scenario is not Turing computable. The channel with an active jammer falls into this category when deterministic codes are used. Interestingly, random codes robustify the channel with an active jammer in the sense that it becomes Turing computable and the corresponding communication protocol effectively verifiable.

DOI
10.1109/wifs.2018.8630789

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Communication systems need to satisfy pre-specified requirements on spectral efficiency and security. Physical layer security is a concept that unifies both and connects them with entropic quantities. This paper presents a frame-work based on Turing machines to address the question of deciding whether or not a communication system meets these requirements. It is known that the class of Turing solvable problems coincides with the class of algorithmically solvable problems so that this framework allows for effective verification of such performance requirements. In this paper, it is shown that certain scenarios such as the wire-tap channel or compound channel are Turing computable so that the corresponding communication protocols can be effectively verified. A condition is presented and proved under which a communication scenario is not Turing computable. The channel with an active jammer falls into this category when deterministic codes are used. Interestingly, random codes robustify the channel with an active jammer in the sense that it becomes Turing computable and the corresponding communication protocol effectively verifiable.
Modern communication systems need to satisfy pre-specified requirements on spectral efficiency and security. Physical layer security is a concept that unifies both and connects them with entropic quantities. In this paper, a framework based on Turing machines is developed to address the question of deciding whether or not a communication system meets these requirements. It is known that the class of Turing solvable problems coincides with the class of algorithmically solvable problems so that this framework provides the theoretical basis for effective verification of such performance requirements. A key issue here is to decide whether or not the performance functions, i.e., capacities, of relevant communication scenarios, particularly those with secrecy requirements and active adversaries, are Turing computable. This is a necessary condition for the corresponding communication protocols to be effectively verifiable. Within this framework, it is then shown that for certain scenarios including the wiretap channel the corresponding capacities are Turing computable. Next, a general necessary condition on the performance function for Turing computability is established. With this, it is shown that for certain scenarios, including the wiretap channel with an active jammer, the performance functions are not computable when deterministic codes are used. As a consequence, such performance functions are also not computable on all other computer architectures such as the von Neumann-architecture or the register machines.
Medium access control and in particular resource allocation is one of the most important tasks when designing wireless communication systems as it determines the overall performance of a system. For the particular allocation of the available resources it is of crucial importance to know whether or not a channel supports a certain quality-of-service (QoS) requirement. This paper develops a decision framework based on Turing machines and studies the algorithmic decidability of whether or not a QoS requirement is met. Turing machines have no limitations on computational complexity, computing capacity, and storage. They can simulate any given algorithm and therewith characterize the fundamental performance limits for today’s digital computers. In this paper, secure communication and identification systems are considered both under channel uncertainty and adversarial attacks. While for perfect channel state information, the question is decidable since the corresponding capacity function is computable, it is shown that the corresponding questions become semidecidable in the case of channel uncertainty and adversarial attacks. This means there exist Turing machines that stop and output the correct answer if and only if a channel supports the given QoS requirement. Interestingly, the opposite question of whether a channel capacity is below a certain threshold is not semidecidable.
We study the problem of data transmission under the influence of a jammer, which is typical for wireless systems and commonly modeled as an arbitrarily varying channel (AVC) in information theory. AVC fulfilling a certain set of linear equations are called symmetrizable and are known to be prone to denial of service attacks. Recent work has shown that deciding if a given AVC is symmetrizable or not is a non-Turing computable problem. By relaxing the formulation of symmetrizability, we show the existence of a polynomial-time algorithm that determines whether a given AVC is non-symmetrizable, but displays a critical dependence on the number of jammer input states. We then show how imposing an energy constraint on the jammer allows the same algorithm to efficiently identify large classes of AVCs which are non-symmetrizable.
The physical-layer security of a quantum-noise randomized cipher (QNRC) system is, for the first time, quantitatively evaluated with secrecy capacity employed as the performance metric. Considering quantum noise as a channel advantage for legitimate parties over eavesdroppers, the specific wire-tap models for both channels of the key and data are built with channel outputs yielded by quantum heterodyne measurement; the general expressions of secrecy capacities for both channels are derived, where the matching codes are proved to be uniformly distributed. The maximal achievable secrecy rate of the system is proposed, under which secrecy of both the key and data is guaranteed. The influences of various system parameters on secrecy capacities are assessed in detail. The results indicate that QNRC combined with proper channel codes is a promising framework of secure communication for long distance with high speed, which can be orders of magnitude higher than the perfect secrecy rates of other encryption systems. Even if the eavesdropper intercepts more signal power than the legitimate receiver, secure communication (up to Gb/s) can still be achievable. Moreover, the secrecy of running key is found to be the main constraint to the systemic maximal secrecy rate.
Wyner [96] proved that unconditionally secure communication over noisy channels is possible if the wiretapping channel is noisier than the main channel. The work has developed the following belief: Physical-channel characteristics are great resources to build security functionalities in the information-theoretic framework. We follow this belief and investigate the three problems of secret key establishment, manipulation detection, and distance bounding verification over physical-layer channels. We investigate secret key establishment (SKE) between Alice and Bob when they are connected through a pair of noisy wiretap channels with leakage to Eve. Our results show the possibility of SKE even in cases where the main channels are noisier than Eve's channels. We then notice two implicit assumptions of this work: (i) local randomness is freely available, and (ii) the wiretap channels are independent. We remove Assumption (i) by considering no local randomness for the parties. The results appreciate the role of noise as a single resource for randomness derivation and key generation in this setting. Regarding the second assumption, we consider the general two-way wiretap channel, where simultaneous data transmission can help achieve higher key rates. We show under what condition our security requirements can be strengthened without sacrificing the SK capacity. We consider manipulation detection against physical-layer adversaries noticing their limitations. We define leakage-resilient algebraic manipulation detection (LR-AMD) codes and prove optimal LR-AMD code constructions in general and special leakage scenarios. We show two applications of these codes: (i) robust nonperfect secret sharing and (ii) manipulation detection over wiretap channels. We then discuss how these codes can be composed with other primitives to guarantee bitwise manipulation detection and SKE against active adversaries over binary wiretap channels. Distance bounding verification (DBV) allows a verifier to check an upper bound on a claimed distance from a prover. We study DBV over physical channels with security against distance fraud (DFA), ma a fraud (MFA) and terrorist fraud (TFA) attacks. We show efficient DFA- and MFA-secure protocols only using physical channel properties. We further prove that TFA-security becomes feasible if the parties' communication is limited by the bounded retrieval model (BRM).