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Physical Communication

Wireless physical layer key generation with improved bit disagreement for the internet of things using moving window averaging

Ankit Kumar Soni, Raksha Upadhyay, Abhay Kumar

Published Feb 4, 2019• 32 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.phycom.2019.01.013

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Devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) are usually limited in computing resources and energy capacity, which means that encryption schemes with higher complexity are not suitable for them to ensure secure communication. As a promising solution to this problem, physical layer key generation suggests that shared secret keys can be generated from noisy wireless channel measurements to enhance the security of wireless communications. In this article, we propose a key generation scheme with extremely low implementation complexity, which allows physical layer key generation to be implemented on IoT nodes. First, we preprocess the channel measurements with simple moving average filtering before quantization to improve channel reciprocity. Next, a bidirectional difference quantization scheme is proposed to realize reliable quantization of channel measurements, which is ingenious in that the quantization process does not depend on quantization thresholds, and thus, the mismatched key bits caused by measurements close to quantization thresholds can be effectively avoided. Then, we propose an improved Cascade protocol to achieve lightweight and efficient information reconciliation. The simulation results show that our scheme can well balance the reliability and efficiency of key generation, and has excellent performance in terms of implementation complexity and key randomness.

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Performance improvement of wireless secret key generation with colored noise for IoT

Ankit Kumar Soni, Raksha Upadhyay, Abhay Kumar

Summary Achieving security in the Internet of things (IoT) networks by generating symmetric keys from the wireless channel parameters like received signal strength (RSS) is a promising approach. Despite the easy acquisition of the RSS signal, RSS‐based security is less explored for IoT. In this work, we analyze the performance of RSS‐based wireless physical layer key generation with correlated colored noise components and proposed a low complexity filtering approach to improve the performance for the IoT network. We started with providing a survey of various recent researches related to RSS‐based key generation and also discussed correlated colored noise components with a few of the recent works considering them. Further, we analyze various colored noise components in the time domain by the Allan variance and Ljung‐Box test. Furthermore, we develop a key generation model and proposed a moving window averaging‐based filtering followed by Lloyd max quantization to improve the BDR performance, degraded due to the presence of correlated colored noise components. The simulation results show that the proposed preprocessing technique has a considerable improvement in the BDR performance, and the keys generated have sufficient randomness, which is verified by NIST test.

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Lightweight Security Solutions for IoT using Physical-Layer Key Generation

Raksha Upadhyay, Ankit Kumar Soni

Modern networking technologies involve the interconnection of smart and intelligent physical objects to provide advanced services. These physical objects may be part of various network technologies like WLAN, wireless sensor network (WSN), Internet of Things (IoT), etc., and share data in wireless mode, which should be secured from threats. These physical devices possess many constraints like power, computational complexity and storage, and are required to have lightweight security algorithms. Traditionally, security is achieved by the higher layers of the communication model, which has high computational complexity and consumes more power. In this chapter, a secure-key-generation scheme from physical layer characteristics is introduced as a possible lightweight security alternative to traditional upper-layer security approaches. The proposed scheme is based on the wiretap-channel model and security is achieved by generating keys at both communicating ends independently, based on inherent common-channel characteristics like randomness. It is mainly based on the principle of spatial decorrelation and channel reciprocity for identical carrier frequency. There is no provision for sharing keys as in public-key cryptography, so physical-layer key generation is not vulnerable to threats like key leakage. The generated key at the transmitter encrypts plain text; the generated cipher is transmitted on the common channel and is decrypted at the receiver end using the key generated by the receiver. Key generation consists of fundamental blocks like channel probing and quantization followed by information reconciliation and privacy amplification. The physical-layer key generation is already a power-efficient security solution; this chapter aims to enhance this capacity further. This is done by introducing low-end signal conditioning in the channel-probing step using moving-window averaging. This solution not only improves system performance but also makes it suitable for limited- power applications. The performance of the key-generation system is characterised in terms of the bit-disagreement rate between the generated key sequences of communicating parties and the key randomness by means of the NIST statistical test suite.

Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks•Jul 14, 2021•0 citations
Devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) are usually limited in computing resources and energy capacity, which means that encryption schemes with higher complexity are not suitable for them to ensure secure communication. As a promising solution to this problem, physical layer key generation suggests that shared secret keys can be generated from noisy wireless channel measurements to enhance the security of wireless communications. In this article, we propose a key generation scheme with extremely low implementation complexity, which allows physical layer key generation to be implemented on IoT nodes. First, we preprocess the channel measurements with simple moving average filtering before quantization to improve channel reciprocity. Next, a bidirectional difference quantization scheme is proposed to realize reliable quantization of channel measurements, which is ingenious in that the quantization process does not depend on quantization thresholds, and thus, the mismatched key bits caused by measurements close to quantization thresholds can be effectively avoided. Then, we propose an improved Cascade protocol to achieve lightweight and efficient information reconciliation. The simulation results show that our scheme can well balance the reliability and efficiency of key generation, and has excellent performance in terms of implementation complexity and key randomness.
Summary Achieving security in the Internet of things (IoT) networks by generating symmetric keys from the wireless channel parameters like received signal strength (RSS) is a promising approach. Despite the easy acquisition of the RSS signal, RSS‐based security is less explored for IoT. In this work, we analyze the performance of RSS‐based wireless physical layer key generation with correlated colored noise components and proposed a low complexity filtering approach to improve the performance for the IoT network. We started with providing a survey of various recent researches related to RSS‐based key generation and also discussed correlated colored noise components with a few of the recent works considering them. Further, we analyze various colored noise components in the time domain by the Allan variance and Ljung‐Box test. Furthermore, we develop a key generation model and proposed a moving window averaging‐based filtering followed by Lloyd max quantization to improve the BDR performance, degraded due to the presence of correlated colored noise components. The simulation results show that the proposed preprocessing technique has a considerable improvement in the BDR performance, and the keys generated have sufficient randomness, which is verified by NIST test.
Modern networking technologies involve the interconnection of smart and intelligent physical objects to provide advanced services. These physical objects may be part of various network technologies like WLAN, wireless sensor network (WSN), Internet of Things (IoT), etc., and share data in wireless mode, which should be secured from threats. These physical devices possess many constraints like power, computational complexity and storage, and are required to have lightweight security algorithms. Traditionally, security is achieved by the higher layers of the communication model, which has high computational complexity and consumes more power. In this chapter, a secure-key-generation scheme from physical layer characteristics is introduced as a possible lightweight security alternative to traditional upper-layer security approaches. The proposed scheme is based on the wiretap-channel model and security is achieved by generating keys at both communicating ends independently, based on inherent common-channel characteristics like randomness. It is mainly based on the principle of spatial decorrelation and channel reciprocity for identical carrier frequency. There is no provision for sharing keys as in public-key cryptography, so physical-layer key generation is not vulnerable to threats like key leakage. The generated key at the transmitter encrypts plain text; the generated cipher is transmitted on the common channel and is decrypted at the receiver end using the key generated by the receiver. Key generation consists of fundamental blocks like channel probing and quantization followed by information reconciliation and privacy amplification. The physical-layer key generation is already a power-efficient security solution; this chapter aims to enhance this capacity further. This is done by introducing low-end signal conditioning in the channel-probing step using moving-window averaging. This solution not only improves system performance but also makes it suitable for limited- power applications. The performance of the key-generation system is characterised in terms of the bit-disagreement rate between the generated key sequences of communicating parties and the key randomness by means of the NIST statistical test suite.