We consider the effect of different orders of Magnus expansion for the field transformation in type-I parametric down-conversion with a monochromatic pump. The exact solution, existing in this case, allows us to analyze the convergence of the Magnus expansion for the spectrum of squeezing and the angle of squeezing. We demonstrate how the convergence of the Magnus series depends on the parametric gain for various values of the phase mismatch. For each phase-mismatch angle we find the gain, which is the exact upper bound for the convergence of the Magnus series.
We consider the effect of different orders of Magnus expansion for the field transformation in type-I parametric down-conversion with a monochromatic pump. The exact solution, existing in this case, allows us to analyze the convergence of the Magnus expansion for the spectrum of squeezing and the angle of squeezing. We demonstrate how the convergence of the Magnus series depends on the parametric gain for various values of the phase mismatch. For each phase-mismatch angle we find the gain, which is the exact upper bound for the convergence of the Magnus series.
We discuss the Bloch-Messiah decomposition for the broadband squeezed light generated by type-I parametric down-conversion with a monochromatic pump. Using an exact solution for this process, we evaluate the squeezing parameters and the corresponding squeezing eigenmodes. Next we consider the Magnus expansion of the quantum-mechanical evolution operator for this process and obtain its first three approximation orders. Using these approximated solutions, we evaluate the corresponding approximations for the Bloch-Messiah decomposition. Our results allow us to conclude that the first-order approximation of the Magnus expansion is sufficient for description of the broadband squeezed light for squeezing values below 12.5 dB. For higher degrees of squeezing we show fast convergence of the Magnus series, providing a good approximation for the exact solution already in the third order. We propose a quantitative criterion for this ultrahigh-gain regime of parametric down-conversion when the higher-order terms of the Magnus expansion, known in the literature as the operator-ordering effects, become necessary.
We discuss the effect of diffraction on squeezed light propagation. All electric fields concerned are approximated to be monochromatic and paraxial. We consider: (1)(propagation without gain) a squeezed signal propagating in free space, and (2)(propagation with gain) a squeezed signal propagating in a non-linear crystal which amplifies the signal by a process of frequency halving (degenerate parametric amplification). The pump beam required for this process is assumed to have a Gaussian amplitude profile. For propagation without gain, our expression for the final signal is exact, but for propagation with gain, it is given as a perturbative expansion. The lowest order term in the expansion neglects diffraction of the signal and assumes flat pump wavefronts. Higher order terms include these factors and thus improve the accuracy with which the signal’s transverse behavior is described. We present graphs showing the dependence of squeezing on pump and signal beam parameters. We also find and discuss approximate formulas that characterize these graphs in various regimes.
Control over the spectral properties of the bright squeezed vacuum (BSV), a highly multimode nonclassical macroscopic state of light that can be generated through high-gain parametric down conversion, is crucial for many applications. In particular, in several recent experiments BSV is generated in a strongly pumped SU(1,1) interferometer to achieve phase supersensitivity, perform broadband homodyne detection, or tailor the frequency spectrum of squeezed light. In this work, we present an analytical approach to the theoretical description of BSV in the frequency domain based on the Bloch-Messiah reduction and the Schmidt-mode formalism. As a special case we consider a strongly pumped SU(1,1) interferometer. We show that different moments of the radiation at its output depend on the phase, dispersion, and the parametric gain in a nontrivial way, thereby providing additional insights on the capabilities of nonlinear interferometers. In particular, a dramatic change in the spectrum occurs as the parametric gain increases.
Frequency conversion (FC) and type-II parametric down-conversion (PDC) processes serve as basic building blocks for the implementation of quantum optical experiments: type-II PDC enables the efficient creation of quantum states such as photon-number states and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)-states. FC gives rise to technologies enabling efficient atom-photon coupling, ultrafast pulse gates and enhanced detection schemes. However, despite their widespread deployment, their theoretical treatment remains challenging. Especially the multi-photon components in the high-gain regime as well as the explicit time-dependence of the involved Hamiltonians hamper an efficient theoretical description of these nonlinear optical processes. In this paper, we investigate these effects and put forward two models that enable a full description of FC and type-II PDC in the high-gain regime. We present a rigorous numerical model relying on the solution of coupled integro-differential equations that covers the complete dynamics of the process. As an alternative, we develop a simplified model that, at the expense of neglecting time-ordering effects, enables an analytical solution. While the simplified model approximates the correct solution with high fidelity in a broad parameter range, sufficient for many experimental situations, such as FC with low efficiency, entangled photon-pair generation and the heralding of single photons from type-II PDC, our investigations reveal that the rigorous model predicts a decreased performance for FC processes in quantum pulse gate applications and an enhanced EPR-state generation rate during type-II PDC, when EPR squeezing values above 12 dB are considered.
Six-photon parametric up-conversion under conditions of two-, three-, and four-photon resonance of a constant nonmonochromatic pump field is analyzed allowing for population migration, transient response of the medium, Stark shift of the levels, and width of the frequency spectrum of the the pump field. It is found that in the steady-state conversion regime, the maximum average conversion efficiency in the four-photon resonance case differs only negligibly from the maximum conversion efficiency in a monochromatic field, whereas in the two-photon and three-photon resonance cases it is higher than the maximum efficiency in a monochromatic pump field. An analysis is made of the influence of optically induced relaxation on the average conversion efficiency under conditions of pulsed excitation of two-, three-, and four-photon resonances.
Frequency conversion (FC) and type-II parametric down-conversion (PDC) processes serve as basic building blocks for the implementation of quantum optical experiments: type-II PDC enables the efficient creation of quantum states such as photon-number states and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR)-states. FC gives rise to technologies enabling efficient atom–photon coupling, ultrafast pulse gates and enhanced detection schemes. However, despite their widespread deployment, their theoretical treatment remains challenging. Especially the multi-photon components in the high-gain regime as well as the explicit time-dependence of the involved Hamiltonians hamper an efficient theoretical description of these nonlinear optical processes. In this paper, we investigate these effects and put forward two models that enable a full description of FC and type-II PDC in the high-gain regime. We present a rigorous numerical model relying on the solution of coupled integro-differential equations that covers the complete dynamics of the process. As an alternative, we develop a simplified model that, at the expense of neglecting time-ordering effects, enables an analytical solution. While the simplified model approximates the correct solution with high fidelity in a broad parameter range, sufficient for many experimental situations, such as FC with low efficiency, entangled photon-pair generation and the heralding of single photons from type-II PDC, our investigations reveal that the rigorous model predicts a decreased performance for FC processes in quantum pulse gate applications and an enhanced EPR-state generation rate during type-II PDC, when EPR squeezing values above 12 dB are considered.