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Non-equilibrium quantum manipulation

Mauro Antezza

Published Aug 18, 2014• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We will discuss the behavior of an elementary quantum system (atom, quantum dot, …) interacting with an environment out of thermal equilibrium. We show how the internal atomic dynamics can be deeply affected by the non equilibrium configuration leading to unexpected phenomena like a spontaneous inversion of population, new cooling mechanisms obtained by heating the system, and the possibility to create and protect entanglement in a stationary and robust way [1,2,3].----------------References: [1] B. Bellomo, R. Messina, and M. Antezza, Europhys. Lett. 100, 20006 (2012); Phys. Rev. A 87, 012101 (2013).[2] B. Bellomo and M. Antezza, New Journal of Physics 15, 113052 (2013); Europhys. Lett. 104, 10006 (2013).[3] R. Messina and M. Antezza, Europhys. Lett. 95, 61002 (2011); Phys. Rev. A 84, 042102 (2011); Phys. Rev. A in press, arXiv:1402.2506 (2014).

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We will discuss the behavior of an elementary quantum system (atom, quantum dot, …) interacting with an environment out of thermal equilibrium. We show how the internal atomic dynamics can be deeply affected by the non equilibrium configuration leading to unexpected phenomena like a spontaneous inversion of population, new cooling mechanisms obtained by heating the system, and the possibility to create and protect entanglement in a stationary and robust way [1,2,3].----------------References: [1] B. Bellomo, R. Messina, and M. Antezza, Europhys. Lett. 100, 20006 (2012); Phys. Rev. A 87, 012101 (2013).[2] B. Bellomo and M. Antezza, New Journal of Physics 15, 113052 (2013); Europhys. Lett. 104, 10006 (2013).[3] R. Messina and M. Antezza, Europhys. Lett. 95, 61002 (2011); Phys. Rev. A 84, 042102 (2011); Phys. Rev. A in press, arXiv:1402.2506 (2014).
We will discuss the behavior of one or more elementary quantum system (atom, molecules, quantum dot, …) interacting with a stationary, simple and rich electromagnetic environment out of thermal equilibrium: The electromagnetic field is produced by a simple configuration of macroscopic objects held at thermal equilibrium at different temperatures. We will show how the internal atomic dynamics can be deeply affected by the non equilibrium configuration leading to unexpected phenomena like a spontaneous inversion of population, new cooling mechanisms obtained by heating the system, and the possibility to create and protect entanglement in a stationary and robust way. Finally, we will discuss how this system may directly allow the realization of atomic quantum thermal machines, with high efficiency and a genuine quantum behavior.
We study the internal dynamics, the quantum thermalization and the entanglementof elementary quantum systems (one or two atoms) placed close to a body held at atemperature different from that of the surrounding radiation.Concerning the single atom dynamics [1,2], we derive general expressions for lifetimeand density matrix valid for bodies of arbitrary geometry and dielectric permittivity.Out of equilibrium, the thermalization process and steady states become both qualitativelyand quantitatively significantly different from the case of radiation at thermalequilibrium. For the case of a three-level atom close to a slab of finite thickness, wepredict the occurrence of population inversion and an efficient cooling mechanism forthe quantum system, whose effective internal temperature can be driven to values muchlower than both involved temperatures. Our results show that non-equilibrium configurationsprovide new promising ways to control the state of an atomic system.We also consider two two-level atomic quantum systems (qubits) [3]. While at thermalequilibrium the two-qubit dynamics is characterized by not entangled steady thermalstates, we show that absence of thermal equilibrium may bring to the generationof entangled steady states. Remarkably, this entanglement emerges from the two-qubitdissipative dynamic itself, without any further external action on the two qubits, suggestinga new protocol to produce and protect entanglement which is intrinsically robustto environmental effects.======================[1] Bruno Bellomo, Riccardo Messina, and Mauro Antezza, Europhys. Lett. 100, 20006(2012).[2] Bruno Bellomo, Riccardo Messina, Didier Felbacq, and Mauro Antezza, Phys. Rev.A 87, 012101 (2013).[3] Bruno Bellomo, and Mauro Antezza, arXiv:1304.2864 (2013).
We study the internal dynamics of an elementary quantum system placed close to a body held at a temperature different from that of the surrounding radiation. We derive general expressions for lifetime and density matrix valid for bodies of arbitrary geometry and dielectric permittivity. Out of equilibrium, the thermalization process and steady states become both qualitatively and quantitatively significantly different from the case of radiation at thermal equilibrium. For the case of a three-level atom close to a slab of finite thickness, we predict the occurrence of population inversion and an efficient cooling mechanism for the quantum system, whose effective internal temperature can be driven to values much lower than both involved temperatures. Our results show that non-equilibrium configurations provide new promising ways to control the state of an atomic system.
Recent advances in coherent manipulation and control have led to new opportunities to study non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum many-body systems. Using a variety of experimental platforms ranging from cold atoms and ions to solid-state spin defects, small building blocks of fully controllable quantum systems can be assembled into a strongly interacting many-body system. With this approach, one can gain new insights into fundamental questions in basic science such as the mechanism of quantum thermalization or the existence of exotic phases of matter out of equilibrium. At the same time, a fully controllable large-scale quantum device has promising applications for high precision sensing, secure communication, and quantum information processing.\nThis thesis describes recent progress in engineering quantum dynamics that is robust against various imperfections such as environmental noise, disorder, or imprecise controls. We find that non-equilibrium quantum states of strongly interacting systems can be protected from imperfections upon appropriate external manipulations such as time-dependent periodic controls, engineered coherent or dissipative interactions, or an introduction of strong quenched disorder. Furthermore, under certain conditions, these imperfections can be utilized to stabilize non-trivial quantum states. Our results challenge conventional wisdom of statistical mechanics, shedding light on the microscopic mechanisms of thermalization.\nWe also discuss how engineered dynamics can be harnessed for applications such as quantum metrology, simulations, or information processing.
Analyzing the dynamics of open quantum systems has a long history in mathematics and physics. Depending on the system at hand, basic physical phenomena that one would like to explain are, for example, convergence to equilibrium, the dynamics of quantum coherences (decoherence) and quantum correlations (entanglement), or the emergence of heat and particle fluxes in non-equilibrium situations. From the mathematical physics perspective, one of the main challenges is to derive the irreversible dynamics of the open system, starting from a unitary dynamics of the system and its environment. The repeated interactions systems considered in these notes are models of non-equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. They are relevant in quantum optics, and more generally, serve as a relatively well treatable approximation of a more difficult quantum dynamics. In particular, the repeated interaction models allow to determine the large time (stationary) asymptotics of quantum systems out of equilibrium.