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APL Photonics

Saturable mode conversion of parametric amplification in a multimode optical fiber

Hamed Pourbeyram, Arash Mafi

Published Dec 19, 2018• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The intimate interaction between phase-matched parametric amplification and strong nonlinear mode coupling in a multimode optical fiber results in a saturable mode conversion in the anti-Stokes component of the phase-matched four-wave mixing process. This novel saturable mode conversion can potentially be used in a variety of applications including the generation of exotic quantum states.

DOI
10.1063/1.5048514

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The intimate interaction between phase-matched parametric amplification and strong nonlinear mode coupling in a multimode optical fiber results in a saturable mode conversion in the anti-Stokes component of the phase-matched four-wave mixing process. This novel saturable mode conversion can potentially be used in a variety of applications including the generation of exotic quantum states.
The intimate interaction between phase-matched parametric amplification and strong nonlinear mode coupling in a multimode optical fiber results in a saturable spatial mode conversion that appears to violate the conservation of momentum. We investigate, by theory and experiment, this new regime of strong nonlinear interaction in multimode optical fibers and show that the appearance of the non-conservation of linear momentum is merely a clever sleight of hand by nature. This novel saturable mode conversion can potentially be used in a variety of applications including the generation of exotic quantum states of light.
Optical parametric amplifiers rely on second-order susceptibility (three-wave mixing) or third-order susceptibility (four-wave mixing) in a nonlinear process where the energy of incoming photons is not changed (elastic scattering). In the latter case, two pump photons are converted to a signal and to an idler photon. Under certain conditions, related to the phase evolution of the waves involved, this conversion can be very efficient, resulting in large amplification of an input signal. As the nonlinear process can be very fast, all-optical applications aside from pure amplification are also possible. If the amplifier is implemented in an optical input-phase-sensitive manner, it is possible to amplify a signal wave without excess noise, i.e., with a noise figure of 0 dB. In this paper, we will provide the fundamental concepts and theory of such amplifiers, with a focus on their implementation in highly nonlinear optical fibers relying on four-wave mixing. We will discuss the distinctions between phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive operation and include several experimental results to illustrate their capability. Different applications of parametric amplifiers are also discussed, including their use in optical communication links.
Four-wave mixing in optical fibers has been proven to have many applications within processing of classical optical signals. In addition, recent developments in multimode fibers have made it possible to achieve the necessary phase-matching for efficient four-wave mixing over a very wide bandwidth. Thus, the combination of multimode fiber optics and four-wave mixing is very attractive for various applications. This is especially the case for applications in quantum communication, for example in photon-pair generation. This is the subject of this work, where we discuss the impact of fluctuations in core radius on the quality of the heralded single-photon states and demonstrate experimental results of intermodal spontaneous four-wave mixing for photon-pair generation.
The strong interest in space-division multiplexing of classical communication signals has resulted in development of optical fibers that support propagation of multiple modes. This has paved the way for progress in signal processing using multiple modes and four-wave mixing between these. More specifically, careful design and knowledge of optical properties of individual modes enables phase matching in four-wave mixing that is otherwise not possible with single-mode fibers. This enables signal processing using four-wave mixing between higher-order modes for e.g. frequency conversion over a wide bandwidth. In addition, processing and creation of quantum states has also been demonstrated using four-wave mixing, including generation of photon pairs. In this work we review recent progress in signal processing and generation of quantum states using four-wave mixing.
In this dissertation, multimode optical fibers (MMFs) have been studied as a robust and practical platform for nonlinear optics and quantum optics applications, where by experimental investigations and theoretical calculations we present the quantum and nonlinear virtue of MMFs as a versatile tool for future applications. Our investigations can be summarized in three parts: At first, we have investigated stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a long MMF, where more than 20 orders of cascaded Raman peaks have been generated. Observation of beam clean-up despite the highly multimode nature of the fiber and such strong nonlinear interaction despite the large fiber core size are distinguishable results of our work. Next, we have studied four-wave mixing (FWM) via intermodal phase-matching in both step-index and graded-index MMFs (GIMFs). A rigorous and general approach in the theoretical study is presented where some of the commonly used, yet inaccurate approximations are avoided. Experimentally, FWM side-bands with minimal contamination from SRS, and residual pump photons have been generated from quantum vacuum and amplified more than 11 orders of magnitude. Finally, in the last part of this dissertation, we have done a theoretical study of photon-pair generation in a multimode optical fiber (both step-index and GIMF) via intermodal-FWM as a source of state-engineered photon-pairs.
Introduction Over the past several decades there has been growing interest in the development of devices for optical wavelength conversion. In Raman converters, a long-wavelength Stokes input is in the presence of a pump transformed into a short-wavelength anti-Stokes output via a Raman-resonant third-order nonlinear process called coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) [1]. In Kerr-based parametric converters, a signal input is in the presence of a pump converted to an idler output via the third-order nonlinear process of non-resonant four-wave-mixing (FWM) [2]. Both types of conversion can occur in silicon waveguides, and as such have great potential for application in optical communication systems.