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Routledge eBooks

The Rift between Causality and Explanation

John P. Losee

Published Jul 28, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) argued that the Copenhagen interpretation of the quantum realm is incomplete. Moreover, they maintained that it is based on an unacceptable interpretation of physical reality. David Bohm revised the EPR thought experiment by focusing on spin determination as a state variable. Consider the creation of a pair of electrons by the spontaneous decay of a neutral pion. This is a physical process whose existence has been established. The spin of the pion before decay is zero. Consequently, the sum of the spins of the electrons also must be zero, given that spin is conserved in nuclear reactions. Analysis of the two-slit experiments reveals a failure of the causality-explanation relationship. The interference effect produced when no detecting devices are present at the two slits is no longer present. It would seem that detecting the passage of individual electrons through the slits destroys the wave-like behavior of the electrons.

DOI
10.4324/9781315080772-5

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•Apr 12, 2017•0 citations
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) argued that the Copenhagen interpretation of the quantum realm is incomplete. Moreover, they maintained that it is based on an unacceptable interpretation of physical reality. David Bohm revised the EPR thought experiment by focusing on spin determination as a state variable. Consider the creation of a pair of electrons by the spontaneous decay of a neutral pion. This is a physical process whose existence has been established. The spin of the pion before decay is zero. Consequently, the sum of the spins of the electrons also must be zero, given that spin is conserved in nuclear reactions. Analysis of the two-slit experiments reveals a failure of the causality-explanation relationship. The interference effect produced when no detecting devices are present at the two slits is no longer present. It would seem that detecting the passage of individual electrons through the slits destroys the wave-like behavior of the electrons.
In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen ('EPR') reported on a thought experiment that they believed showed that quantum theory provided an incomplete description of reality. Today we know that quantum theory is a complete and correct description of Nature (in flat space-time). The EPR thought experiment is predicted by quantum theory and has since been experimentally confirmed. However, EPR experiments have no physical pictorial explanation, and are considered part of a "paradox". Here I resolve the "paradox". I show independently of any interpretation of quantum theory that EPR (thought) experiments are a direct and compelling consequence of the existence of true randomness and the conservation of energy. It becomes obvious why EPR (thought) experiments allow for the precise prediction of truly random measurement values. Local hidden variables are not motivated.
In this paper we study a two-step version of EPR-B experiment, the Bohm version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment. Its theoretical resolution in space and time enables us to refute the classic "impossibility" to decompose a pair of entangled atoms into two distinct states, one for each atom. We propose a new causal interpretation of the EPR-B experiment where each atom has a position and a spin while the singlet wave function verifies the two-body Pauli equation. In conclusion we suggest a physical explanation of non-local influences, compatible with Einstein's point of view on relativity.
The neutral pion experiment and the two-slit experiments pose difficulties for the thesis that causality implies explanation. There are various options available. One option is to hold that the "causality implies explanation" thesis does hold for relations between quantum phenomena, provided that quantum phenomena are identified with the results of measurements. A second option is to retain the "causality implies explanation" thesis by locating causal relatedness at a deeper level of interaction. In third option, causal relatedness is regularity between states of a physical system. A fourth option is to reevaluate the "causality implies explanation" thesis on some alternative theory about causal relatedness. A fifth option is to follow the lead of Niels Bohr and examine the limitations placed on causal explanation by investigations of the quantum realm. Bohr declared that all knowledge presents itself within a conceptual framework adapted to account for previous experience and any such frame may prove to be too narrow to comprehend new experience.
Abstract The 1935 Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paper, “Can Quantum–Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?”, stands as a landmark in the foundational debates over quantum mechanics. While the paper has since become one of Einstein’s most cited works, it initially received little attention, and the feature of non-locality, which was central to the argument in the paper, was largely neglected for decades. In this paper, I offer two reasons for this early neglect of non-locality in the immediate aftermath of EPR. First, early responses to the EPR paper defended the completeness of quantum mechanics by reformulating the thought experiment the authors had presented, thereby obscuring the feature of quantum mechanics the authors had wished to highlight. Bohr’s influential reply, for instance, substituted the specific thought experiment presented by EPR with the two-slit experiment, thus suppressing the entanglement between spatially separated systems. A second reason for the marginalization of non-locality was the tendency to see Einstein’s critique of quantum mechanics as proceeding from a commitment to determinism, though this in fact played no role in the EPR paper or in his later writings and correspondence. This paper argues that the failure to recognize non-locality was partly a result of the rhetorical manoeuvring by EPR’s critics, but also to a broader philosophical climate dominated by concerns over determinism, which effectively eclipsed all other conceptual issues, Only with Bell’s theorem in the 1960s did non-locality return as a serious focus of foundational inquiry.
Recent experiments on the classic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) setting claim to test the compatibility between nonlocal quantum entanglement and the (special) theory of relativity. Confirmation of quantum theory has led to the interpretation that Einstein's image of physical reality for each photon in the EPR pair cannot be maintained. A detailed critique on two representative experiments is presented following the original EPR notion of local realism. It is argued that relativity does not enter into the picture, however for the Bell-Bohm version of local realism in terms of hidden variables such experiments are significant. Of the two alternatives, namely incompleteness of quantum theory for describing an individual quantum system, and the ensemble view, it is only the former that has been ruled out by the experiments. An alternative approach gives a statistical ensemble interpretation of the observed data, and the significant conclusion that these experiments do not deny physical reality of the photon is obtained. After discussing the need for a photon model, a vortex structure is proposed based on the space-time invariant property-spin, and pure gauge fields. To test the prime role of spin for photons and the angular-momentum interpretation of electromagnetic fields, experimental schemes feasible in modern laboratories are suggested.
We show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. The key concept of the theory is decoherence, which appears as an inherent characteristic of quantum mechanics and results from the uncertainty relation. In contrast to environment-induced decoherence, this decoherence exists prior to a measurement being made. To clarify our idea, we examine three elemental experiments: a Stern-Gerlach-like experiment, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPR-Bohm) experiment, and the double-slit experiment. By considering the first experiment, we explain how the uncertainty relation between position and momentum introduces decoherence prior to measurement. Consideration of the EPR-Bohm experiment leads us to conclude that the correlation of the EPR pair is not a consequence of what is known as the collapse of the wave function. Our theory of decoherence can also be applied to experiments with continuous eigenvalues, such as the double-slit experiment. Consideration of the double-slit experiment leads us to understand how pure quantum mechanics describes the fact that quanta behave as interfering particles.