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The polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of $^{39}$K ($^{133}$Cs)-$^{85}$Rb-$^{21}$Ne co-magnetometer

Jianhua Liu, Dong-Yang Jing, Lin Zhuang, Wei Quan, Jiancheng Fang, Wu‐Ming Liu

Published Nov 5, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We have studied the polarization of the 85Rb and the fundamental sensitivity of two types of hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) co-magnetometers based on 39K-85Rb-21Ne and 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne with taking the wall relaxation rate into account,which has a big effect on the polarization and fundamental sensitivity,but it is often neglected in the experiments,respectively.The polarization of the 85Rb varies with the thirteen systemic parameters: the number density of buffer gas 21Ne and quench gas N2,frequency rate of pump beam,cell temperature,the photon number flux,mole fraction of 85Rb,cell effective radius,pump beam spot radius,power density of pump beam,input rotation velocity in the x and y direction,external magnetic field in the y and z direction,respectively.The number density of the 21Ne,photon number flux,pump beam spot radius and frequency rate will affect the polarization of the 85Rb greatly by affecting the the pumping rate of pump beam,a magnetic field produced by 85Rb atom spins and experienced by the 21Ne spins.We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the hybrid optical pumping SERF co-magnetometers due to shot-noise,where the fundamental sensitivity varies with the twelve systemic parameters: the number density of buffer gas and quench gas,frequency rate of pump beam,photon number flux,mole fraction of 85Rb,cell effective radius,pump beam spot radius,power density of pump beam,external magnetic field,measurement volume,cell temperature and measurement time.The highest fundamental sensitivity $7.5878\times10^{-11}$ $rad/s/Hz^{1/2}$ of 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer is higher than the ultimate theoretical sensitivity $2\times10^{-10}$ $rad/s/Hz^{1/2}$ of K-21Ne co-magnetometer.The fundamental sensitivity limit of the hybrid optical pumping SERF co-magnetometers is superior to $3.7334\times10^{-12}$ $rad/s/Hz^{1/2}$.

Related papers

Polarization and fundamental sensitivity of $^{\text{39}}$K ($^{\text{133}}$Cs)-$^{\text{85}}$Rb-$^{\text{21}}$Ne co-magnetometers

Jianhua Liu, Dong-Yang Jing, Lin Zhuang +3 more

The hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (HOPSERF) atomic co-magnetometers make ultrahigh sensitivity measurement of inertia achievable. The wall relaxation rate has a big effect on the polarization and fundamental sensitivity for the co-magnetometer, but it is often neglected in the experiments. However, there is almost no work about the systematic analysis of the influence factors on the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers. Here, we systematically study the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of 39K-85Rb-21Ne and 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne HOPSERF co-magnetometers with low polarization limit and the wall relaxation rate. The 21Ne number density, the power density and wavelength of pump beam will affect the polarization greatly by affecting the pumping rate of pump beam. We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers due to shot-noise and the fundamental sensitivity changes with multiple systemic parameters, where the suitable number density of buffer gas and quench gas make the fundamental sensitivity highest. The fundamental sensitivity $7.5355\times10^{-11}$ $\rm rad/s/Hz^{1/2}$ of 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer is higher than the ultimate theoretical sensitivity $2\times10^{-10}$ $\rm rad/s/Hz^{1/2}$ of K-21Ne co-magnetometer.

arXiv:1811.05404•Nov 5, 2018•0 citations

Polarization and fundamental sensitivity of 39K (133Cs)–85Rb–21Ne co-magnetometers*

Jianhua Liu, Dong-Yang Jing, Lin Zhuang +3 more

The hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (HOPSERF) atomic co-magnetometers make ultrahigh sensitivity measurement of inertia achievable. The wall relaxation rate has a big effect on the polarization and fundamental sensitivity for the co-magnetometer, but it is often neglected in the experiments. However, there is almost no work about the systematic analysis of the influence factors on the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers. Here we systematically study the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of 39K–85Rb–21Ne and 133Cs–85Rb–21Ne HOPSERF co-magnetometers with low polarization limit and the wall relaxation rate. The 21Ne number density, the power density and wavelength of pump beam will affect the polarization greatly by affecting the pumping rate of the pump beam. We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers due to shot-noise and the fundamental sensitivity changes with multiple systemic parameters, where the suitable number density of buffer gas and quench gas make the fundamental sensitivity highest. The fundamental sensitivity 7.5355×10–11 rad·s–1·Hz–1/2 of 133Cs–85Rb–21Ne co-magnetometer is higher than the ultimate theoretical sensitivity 2×10–10 rad·s–1·Hz–1/2 of K–21Ne co-magnetometer.

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The polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of 39K (133Cs)-85Rb-4He hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free atomic magnetometers

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Abstract The hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) atomic magnetometers can realize ultrahigh sensitivity measurement of magnetic field and inertia. We have studied the 85 Rb polarization of two types of hybrid optical pumping SERF magnetometers based on 39 K- 85 Rb- 4 He and 133 Cs- 85 Rb- 4 He respectively. Then we found that 85 Rb polarization varies with the number density of buffer gas 4 He and quench gas N 2 , pumping rate of pump beam and cell temperature respectively, which will provide an experimental guide for the design of the magnetometer. We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the hybrid optical pumping SERF magnetometer due to shot-noise. The formula describes that the fundamental sensitivity of the magnetometer varies with the number density of buffer gas and quench gas, the pumping rate of pump beam, external magnetic field, cell effective radius, measurement volume, cell temperature and measurement time. We obtain a highest fundamental sensitivity of 1.5073 aT / Hz 1/2 (1 aT = 10 −18 T ) with 39 K- 85 Rb- 4 He magnetometer between above two types of magnetometers when 85 Rb polarization is 0.1116. We estimate the fundamental sensitivity limit of the hybrid optical pumping SERF magnetometer to be superior to 1.8359 × 10 −2 aT / Hz 1/2 , which is higher than the shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 1 aT / Hz 1/2 of K SERF atomic magnetometer.

arXiv:1702.07755•Scientific Reports•Jul 24, 2017•17 citations

Enhancing Dynamic Performance in K-Rb-21Ne Co-Magnetometers through Atomic Density Optimization

Yang Lv, Haoying Pang, Wei Quan

The K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer exhibits poorer dynamic performance due to the larger equivalent magnetic field generated by alkali metal atoms. In this study, the impact of the atomic number density of alkali metal atoms and noble gas atoms in the cell on the dynamic performance of the atomic ensemble is investigated quantitatively. Relationships between the slow-decay term in the transient response attenuation of the Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF) co-magnetometer to interference magnetic fields and the number densities of noble gas atoms as well as alkali metal atoms are established. Based on the established model, the relationship between the number density of 21Ne atoms and dynamic performance is investigated using cells with five different noble gas pressures. Then, we investigate the impact of the number density of alkali metal atoms using a cell with a pressure of 2.1 atm at different temperatures. The results indicate that, as the number density of alkali metal atoms or noble gas atoms in the cell increases, the dynamic performance of the system improves, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of cell parameters for SERF co-magnetometers.

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Yao Chen, Wei Quan, Sheng Zou +6 more

Abstract Atomic co-magnetometers can be utilized for high-precision angular velocity sensing or fundamental physics tests. The sensitivity of a co-magnetometer determines the angle random walk of an angular velocity sensor and the detection limit for a fundamental physics test. A high-sensitivity K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer, which is utilized for angular velocity sensing, is presented in this paper. A new type of spin relaxation of Rb atom spins, which can broaden the zero-field magnetic resonance lines of the co-magnetometer, is discovered. Further studies show that the spin relaxation of Rb atoms is caused by a high Rb electron magnetization field. With this discovery, the total relaxation rate of Rb atoms is optimized to improve the sensitivity of the co-magnetometer. Moreover, its sensitivity is optimized by suppressing various noises. Especially, to suppress laser-related noises, the co-magnetometer is designed such that the sensitive axis of the co-magnetometer can be fixed to the direction in which the projection input of the earth’s rotation is 0. This is called a rotating co-magnetometer. A magnetic field sensitivity of 1.0 fT/Hz−1/2@5 Hz, which is equal to an angular velocity sensitivity of 2.1 × 10−8 rad s−1 Hz−1/2@5 Hz, is demonstrated using a spherical vapour cell with a diameter of 14 mm.

Scientific Reports•Nov 10, 2016•72 citations

Sensitivity Improvement of Spin-Exchange Relaxation Free Atomic Magnetometers by Hybrid Optical Pumping of Potassium and Rubidium

Yosuke Ito, Hiroyuki Ohnishi, Keigo Kamada +1 more

An optically pumped atomic magnetometer using a hybrid cell of potassium and rubidium atoms was demonstrated to yield high sensitivity to magnetic fields. We operated the magnetometer with the four possible combinations of optically pumped and optically probed atoms and found that the combination of optically pumped potassium and optically probed rubidium showed the highest sensitivity among the four combinations because the rubidium atoms were denser than those of potassium. Furthermore, we investigated the dependence of the sensitivity on the power densities of the pump and probe beams and the wavelength of the probe beam. The magnetometer using the hybrid cell required higher pump-beam power and had narrower magnetic linewidth than those of the single alkali-metal cell. However, the magnetic linewidth was larger than the theoretical value, ignoring the spin relaxation caused by the spin-exchange collisions. By adjusting the laser conditions, the highest sensitivity approached 30 fTrms/Hz1/2.

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics•Oct 1, 2011•53 citations
The polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of 39^{39}39K (133^{133}133Cs)-85^{85}85Rb-21^{21}21Ne co-magnetometer
We have studied the polarization of the 85Rb and the fundamental sensitivity of two types of hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) co-magnetometers based on 39K-85Rb-21Ne and 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne with taking the wall relaxation rate into account,which has a big effect on the polarization and fundamental sensitivity,but it is often neglected in the experiments,respectively.The polarization of the 85Rb varies with the thirteen systemic parameters: the number density of buffer gas 21Ne and quench gas N2,frequency rate of pump beam,cell temperature,the photon number flux,mole fraction of 85Rb,cell effective radius,pump beam spot radius,power density of pump beam,input rotation velocity in the x and y direction,external magnetic field in the y and z direction,respectively.The number density of the 21Ne,photon number flux,pump beam spot radius and frequency rate will affect the polarization of the 85Rb greatly by affecting the the pumping rate of pump beam,a magnetic field produced by 85Rb atom spins and experienced by the 21Ne spins.We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the hybrid optical pumping SERF co-magnetometers due to shot-noise,where the fundamental sensitivity varies with the twelve systemic parameters: the number density of buffer gas and quench gas,frequency rate of pump beam,photon number flux,mole fraction of 85Rb,cell effective radius,pump beam spot radius,power density of pump beam,external magnetic field,measurement volume,cell temperature and measurement time.The highest fundamental sensitivity 7.5878×10−117.5878\times10^{-11}7.5878×10−11 rad/s/Hz1/2rad/s/Hz^{1/2}rad/s/Hz1/2 of 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer is higher than the ultimate theoretical sensitivity 2×10−102\times10^{-10}2×10−10 rad/s/Hz1/2rad/s/Hz^{1/2}rad/s/Hz1/2 of K-21Ne co-magnetometer.The fundamental sensitivity limit of the hybrid optical pumping SERF co-magnetometers is superior to 3.7334×10−123.7334\times10^{-12}3.7334×10−12 rad/s/Hz1/2rad/s/Hz^{1/2}rad/s/Hz1/2.
Polarization and fundamental sensitivity of 39^{\text{39}}39K (133^{\text{133}}133Cs)-85^{\text{85}}85Rb-21^{\text{21}}21Ne co-magnetometers
The hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (HOPSERF) atomic co-magnetometers make ultrahigh sensitivity measurement of inertia achievable. The wall relaxation rate has a big effect on the polarization and fundamental sensitivity for the co-magnetometer, but it is often neglected in the experiments. However, there is almost no work about the systematic analysis of the influence factors on the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers. Here, we systematically study the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of 39K-85Rb-21Ne and 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne HOPSERF co-magnetometers with low polarization limit and the wall relaxation rate. The 21Ne number density, the power density and wavelength of pump beam will affect the polarization greatly by affecting the pumping rate of pump beam. We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers due to shot-noise and the fundamental sensitivity changes with multiple systemic parameters, where the suitable number density of buffer gas and quench gas make the fundamental sensitivity highest. The fundamental sensitivity 7.5355×10−117.5355\times10^{-11}7.5355×10−11 rad/s/Hz1/2\rm rad/s/Hz^{1/2}rad/s/Hz1/2 of 133Cs-85Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer is higher than the ultimate theoretical sensitivity 2×10−102\times10^{-10}2×10−10 rad/s/Hz1/2\rm rad/s/Hz^{1/2}rad/s/Hz1/2 of K-21Ne co-magnetometer.
The hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (HOPSERF) atomic co-magnetometers make ultrahigh sensitivity measurement of inertia achievable. The wall relaxation rate has a big effect on the polarization and fundamental sensitivity for the co-magnetometer, but it is often neglected in the experiments. However, there is almost no work about the systematic analysis of the influence factors on the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers. Here we systematically study the polarization and the fundamental sensitivity of 39K–85Rb–21Ne and 133Cs–85Rb–21Ne HOPSERF co-magnetometers with low polarization limit and the wall relaxation rate. The 21Ne number density, the power density and wavelength of pump beam will affect the polarization greatly by affecting the pumping rate of the pump beam. We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the HOPSERF co-magnetometers due to shot-noise and the fundamental sensitivity changes with multiple systemic parameters, where the suitable number density of buffer gas and quench gas make the fundamental sensitivity highest. The fundamental sensitivity 7.5355×10–11 rad·s–1·Hz–1/2 of 133Cs–85Rb–21Ne co-magnetometer is higher than the ultimate theoretical sensitivity 2×10–10 rad·s–1·Hz–1/2 of K–21Ne co-magnetometer.
Abstract The hybrid optical pumping spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) atomic magnetometers can realize ultrahigh sensitivity measurement of magnetic field and inertia. We have studied the 85 Rb polarization of two types of hybrid optical pumping SERF magnetometers based on 39 K- 85 Rb- 4 He and 133 Cs- 85 Rb- 4 He respectively. Then we found that 85 Rb polarization varies with the number density of buffer gas 4 He and quench gas N 2 , pumping rate of pump beam and cell temperature respectively, which will provide an experimental guide for the design of the magnetometer. We obtain a general formula on the fundamental sensitivity of the hybrid optical pumping SERF magnetometer due to shot-noise. The formula describes that the fundamental sensitivity of the magnetometer varies with the number density of buffer gas and quench gas, the pumping rate of pump beam, external magnetic field, cell effective radius, measurement volume, cell temperature and measurement time. We obtain a highest fundamental sensitivity of 1.5073 aT / Hz 1/2 (1 aT = 10 −18 T ) with 39 K- 85 Rb- 4 He magnetometer between above two types of magnetometers when 85 Rb polarization is 0.1116. We estimate the fundamental sensitivity limit of the hybrid optical pumping SERF magnetometer to be superior to 1.8359 × 10 −2 aT / Hz 1/2 , which is higher than the shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 1 aT / Hz 1/2 of K SERF atomic magnetometer.
The K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer exhibits poorer dynamic performance due to the larger equivalent magnetic field generated by alkali metal atoms. In this study, the impact of the atomic number density of alkali metal atoms and noble gas atoms in the cell on the dynamic performance of the atomic ensemble is investigated quantitatively. Relationships between the slow-decay term in the transient response attenuation of the Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF) co-magnetometer to interference magnetic fields and the number densities of noble gas atoms as well as alkali metal atoms are established. Based on the established model, the relationship between the number density of 21Ne atoms and dynamic performance is investigated using cells with five different noble gas pressures. Then, we investigate the impact of the number density of alkali metal atoms using a cell with a pressure of 2.1 atm at different temperatures. The results indicate that, as the number density of alkali metal atoms or noble gas atoms in the cell increases, the dynamic performance of the system improves, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of cell parameters for SERF co-magnetometers.
Abstract Atomic co-magnetometers can be utilized for high-precision angular velocity sensing or fundamental physics tests. The sensitivity of a co-magnetometer determines the angle random walk of an angular velocity sensor and the detection limit for a fundamental physics test. A high-sensitivity K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer, which is utilized for angular velocity sensing, is presented in this paper. A new type of spin relaxation of Rb atom spins, which can broaden the zero-field magnetic resonance lines of the co-magnetometer, is discovered. Further studies show that the spin relaxation of Rb atoms is caused by a high Rb electron magnetization field. With this discovery, the total relaxation rate of Rb atoms is optimized to improve the sensitivity of the co-magnetometer. Moreover, its sensitivity is optimized by suppressing various noises. Especially, to suppress laser-related noises, the co-magnetometer is designed such that the sensitive axis of the co-magnetometer can be fixed to the direction in which the projection input of the earth’s rotation is 0. This is called a rotating co-magnetometer. A magnetic field sensitivity of 1.0 fT/Hz−1/2@5 Hz, which is equal to an angular velocity sensitivity of 2.1 × 10−8 rad s−1 Hz−1/2@5 Hz, is demonstrated using a spherical vapour cell with a diameter of 14 mm.
An optically pumped atomic magnetometer using a hybrid cell of potassium and rubidium atoms was demonstrated to yield high sensitivity to magnetic fields. We operated the magnetometer with the four possible combinations of optically pumped and optically probed atoms and found that the combination of optically pumped potassium and optically probed rubidium showed the highest sensitivity among the four combinations because the rubidium atoms were denser than those of potassium. Furthermore, we investigated the dependence of the sensitivity on the power densities of the pump and probe beams and the wavelength of the probe beam. The magnetometer using the hybrid cell required higher pump-beam power and had narrower magnetic linewidth than those of the single alkali-metal cell. However, the magnetic linewidth was larger than the theoretical value, ignoring the spin relaxation caused by the spin-exchange collisions. By adjusting the laser conditions, the highest sensitivity approached 30 fTrms/Hz1/2.