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Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference

Prospects of Spin Gyroscopes Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Andrey Jarmola, Dmitry Budker, Sami H. Hawasli, A. Glen Birdwell, Tony Ivanov, Vladimir S. Malinovsky

Published Jan 1, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We are developing a solid-state gyroscope based on ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Rotation of the nitrogen-vacancy symmetry axis will induce Berry phase shifts in the electronic ground state 14N hyperfine sublevels and can be measured with a Ramsey technique.
DOI
10.1364/laop.2018.tu4a.2

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We propose solid-state gyroscopes based on ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) centers in diamond. In one scheme, rotation of the NV${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ symmetry axis will induce Berry phase shifts in the ${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ electronic ground-state coherences proportional to the solid angle subtended by the symmetry axis. We estimate a sensitivity in the range of $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ $\mathrm{rad}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ in a 1-mm3{}^{3}3 sensor volume using a simple Ramsey sequence. Incorporating dynamical decoupling to suppress dipolar relaxation may yield a sensitivity at the level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ $\mathrm{rad}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$. With a modified Ramsey scheme, Berry phase shifts in the 14N{}^{14}\mathrm{N}14N hyperfine sublevels would be employed. The projected sensitivity is in the range of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ $\mathrm{rad}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$, however, the lower gyromagnetic ratio of 14N{}^{14}\mathrm{N}14N nuclei reduces the sensitivity to magnetic-field noise by several orders of magnitude. Reaching ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ $\mathrm{rad}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ would represent an order of magnitude improvement over other compact, solid-state gyroscope technologies.
Gyroscopes find wide applications in everyday life from navigation and inertial sensing to rotation sensors in hand-held devices and automobiles. Current devices, based on either atomic or solid-state systems, impose a choice between long-time stability and high sensitivity in a miniaturized system. Here, we introduce a quantum sensor that overcomes these limitations by providing a sensitive and stable three-axis gyroscope in the solid state. We achieve high sensitivity by exploiting the long coherence time of the 14{}^{14}14N nuclear spin associated with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, combined with the efficient polarization and measurement of its electronic spin. Although the gyroscope is based on a simple Ramsey interferometry scheme, we use coherent control of the quantum sensor to improve its coherence time and robustness against long-time drifts. Such a sensor can achieve a sensitivity of $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{mdeg}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{mm}}^{3}}$ while offering enhanced stability in a small footprint. In addition, we exploit the four axes of delocalization of the nitrogen-vacancy center to measure not only the rate of rotation, but also its direction, thus obtaining a compact three-axis gyroscope.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is one of the major platforms in the evolving field of quantum technologies. The inertial surveying technology based on NV centers in diamond is a developing field with both scientific and technological importance. Quantum measurement using the solid-state spin of the NV center has demonstrated potential in both high-precision and small-volume low-cost devices. In terms of rotation measurement, the optically detected magnetic resonance has provided a perspective of the rotation measurement mechanism via the solid-state spin of the NV center. A new type of gyroscope based on the solid-state spin in diamond according to the theory has attracted considerable attention. In addition, combined with the ingenious quantum mechanics manipulation and coupling mechanism, acceleration measurement can be achieved through an efficient quantum detection technology of the NV center. This review summarizes the recent research progress in diamond-based inertial measurement, including sensitivity optimization methods for inertial measurement systems based on the NV center.
Developing gyroscopes based on quantum systems are important for inertial sensing applications, and its underlying physics is of fundamental interest. In this paper, we proposed a new type of gyroscope based on the Berry phase generated during rotation of the quantum system by using a single 13C nuclear spin coupled with a nearby nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Due to the atom-scale size of the quantum system, rotation information can be obtained with high spatial resolution. The gyroscope can be manipulated at room temperature and without the need for a strong magnetic field, which is also beneficial to its further applications.
The Nitrogen-Vacancy(NV) center has recently emerged as a powerful quantum system, combining the good coherence properties and control techniques of atomic systems with the small size and fabrication capabilities of solid-state devices. We report on a measurement of a single electron-spin phase shift arising directly from physical rotation. This phase shift is observed by measuring the phase difference in a distortion microwave frequency of 2880 MHz, and it can accumulate nonlinearly in time. Carrier rotation information can be obtained by measuring the quantum geometric phase accumulation. We demonstrate quantum control of a NV center within a specific rotation system and a rotational period comparable to the NV spin coherence time T2*. These characteristics contribute as well to make this quantum system a sensitive and compact rotation sensor.