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Lower bounds for genuine multipartite entanglement and coherence measures

Yue Dai, Yuli Dong, Zhenyu Xu, Wen‐Long You, Chengjie Zhang, Otfried Gühne

Published Oct 17, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Experimentally quantifying entanglement and coherence are extremely important for quantum resource theory. However, because the quantum state tomography requires exponentially growing measurements with the number of qubits, it is hard to quantify entanglement and coherence based on the full information of the experimentally realized multipartite states. Fortunately, other methods have been found to directly measure the fidelity of experimental states without quantum state tomography. Here we present a fidelity-based method to derive experimentally accessible lower bounds for measures of genuine multipartite entanglement and coherence. On the one hand, the method works for genuine multipartite entanglement measures including the convex-roof extended negativity, the concurrence, the G-concurrence, and the geometric measure for genuine multipartite entanglement. On the other hand, the method also delivers observable lower bounds for the convex roof of the $l_{1}$-norm of coherence, the geometric measure of coherence, and the coherence of formation. Furthermore, all the lower bounds are based on the fidelity between the chosen pure state and the target state, and we obtain the lower bounds of several real experimental states as examples of our results.

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Experimentally quantifying entanglement and coherence are extremely important for quantum resource theory. However, because the quantum state tomography requires exponentially growing measurements with the number of qubits, it is hard to quantify entanglement and coherence based on the full information of the experimentally realized multipartite states. Fortunately, other methods have been found to directly measure the fidelity of experimental states without quantum state tomography. Here we present a fidelity-based method to derive experimentally accessible lower bounds for measures of genuine multipartite entanglement and coherence. On the one hand, the method works for genuine multipartite entanglement measures including the convex-roof extended negativity, the concurrence, the G-concurrence, and the geometric measure for genuine multipartite entanglement. On the other hand, the method also delivers observable lower bounds for the convex roof of the l1l_{1}l1​-norm of coherence, the geometric measure of coherence, and the coherence of formation. Furthermore, all the lower bounds are based on the fidelity between the chosen pure state and the target state, and we obtain the lower bounds of several real experimental states as examples of our results.
Experimentally quantifying entanglement and coherence is extremely important in quantum information processing. In a multipartite quantum system, usually the fidelity of the system's state compared to a target state is measured to detect its entanglement. The authors present a fidelity-based method to derive experimentally accessible lower bounds for measures of genuine multipartite entanglement and coherence, allowing quick quantification of system states without quantum state tomography in experiments. The method works generally, for several entanglement measures and coherence measures, and examples of real experimental states are analyzed in detail.
We present observable lower bounds for several bipartite entanglement measures including entanglement of formation, geometric measure of entanglement, concurrence, convex-roof extended negativity, and GGG concurrence. The lower bounds facilitate estimates of these entanglement measures for arbitrary finite-dimensional bipartite states. Moreover, these lower bounds can be calculated analytically from the expectation value of a single observable. Based on our results, we use several real experimental measurement data to get lower bounds of entanglement measures for these experimentally realized states. In addition, we also study the relations between entanglement measures.
Multipartite entanglement is the premier resource for quantum technologies. Yet, its exact quantification in the laboratory is notoriously challenging, typically requiring the full knowledge of high dimensional quantum states. Here, we construct observable bounds to multipartite entanglement for systems of arbitrary size, which are functions of the local and global state purities, and correlation functions. First, we derive experimentally accessible upper and lower limits to both the bipartite entanglement of formation and the squashed entanglement of bipartite systems, by leveraging cornerstone results of quantum information theory: the entropy strong subadditivity inequality and the Koashi-Winter monogamy relation. Then, we convert them into bounds to the entanglement up to degree k for arbitrary states, and to the genuine k-partite entanglement, by employing a recently proposed method. Finally, we analytically and numerically test these results, by bounding the multipartite entanglement of several relevant states and mixtures, including the important classes of GHZ, Dicke, W states, and random pure states.
Quantifying the entanglement and coherence of quantum systems is a topic of significant theoretical and practical interest. In this paper, we propose a method to evaluate lower bounds for several widely used coherence measures and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) measures. Our approach, which is resource-efficient and computationally feasible, provides bounds of coherence and GME measures with the help of witnesses by the F-norm. Finally, we present a practical framework for estimating these quantum resources in various physical scenarios.
We study the quantification of genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) for general multipartite states. A set of inequalities satisfied by the entanglement of N-partite pure states is derived by exploiting the restrictions on entanglement distributions, showing that the bipartite entanglement between each part and its remaining ones cannot exceed the sum of the other partners with their remaining ones. Then a series of triangles, named concurrence triangles, are established corresponding to these inequalities. Proper genuine multipartite entanglement measures are thus constructed by using the geometric mean area of these concurrence triangles, which are non-increasing under local operation and classical communication. The GME measures classify which parts are separable or entangled with the rest ones for non genuine entangled pure states. The GME measures for mixed states are given via the convex roof construction, and a witness to detect the GME of multipartite mixed states is presented by an approach based on state purifications. Detailed examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our GME measures.
We establish the profound equivalence between the coherence measures defined via the convex roof method and two classes of genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) under certain conditions. Initially we construct two distinct classes of measures for genuine multipartite entanglement utilizing real symmetric concave functions and the convex roof technique. We then demonstrate that all coherence measures for any qudit states, defined through the convex roof approach, are identical to our two classes of GME measures of the states combined with an incoherent ancilla under an incoherent unitary operation. This relationship implies that genuine multipartite entanglement can be generated from the coherence incoherent in an initial state through the incoherent unitary operations. Furthermore, we conduct a preliminary exploration into the interplay between coherence and genuine quantum correlations such as genuine multipartite steering and genuine multipartite nonlocality. We show that the coherence exists in a qubit state if and only if genuine multipartite nonlocality is present for the special three-qubit XXX states, obtained by performing unitary incoherent operations on the tensor product of the qubit state and the incoherent ancilla. Moreover, under the above process, we prove that the coherence of the qubit state exists if and only if the corresponding special XXX state is genuinely multipartite steerable.