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Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications

A Two Way Synchronized Quantum Channel Quantum Key Distribution Protocol

Manish Kalra, Ramesh Chandra Poonia

Published Oct 11, 2018• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Background: The basic Protocols of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and their variations use a one way quantum channel for the transmission of quantum information and later use a classical channel for reconciliation phase. Objective: In this paper we are discussing a QKD protocol which is a variation over two basic protocols i.e. BB84 and B92 and uses two-way quantum channel instead of one way quantum channel and it also uses classical channel for reconciliation phase. Method: This protocol is synchronized in a manner that both parties who want to share key start communication at same point of time. Results: We have also given the design for proposed protocols and their comparison with basic protocols. Conclusion: Finally we analyzed the results and found the proposed protocols better with high capacity and low error estimation. Keywords: Variation of QKD protocols, enhanced methodology for QKD protocols, QKD protocols, BB84, B92, two way QKD.

DOI
10.2174/2213275911666181011145731

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Background: The basic Protocols of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and their variations use a one way quantum channel for the transmission of quantum information and later use a classical channel for reconciliation phase. Objective: In this paper we are discussing a QKD protocol which is a variation over two basic protocols i.e. BB84 and B92 and uses two-way quantum channel instead of one way quantum channel and it also uses classical channel for reconciliation phase. Method: This protocol is synchronized in a manner that both parties who want to share key start communication at same point of time. Results: We have also given the design for proposed protocols and their comparison with basic protocols. Conclusion: Finally we analyzed the results and found the proposed protocols better with high capacity and low error estimation. Keywords: Variation of QKD protocols, enhanced methodology for QKD protocols, QKD protocols, BB84, B92, two way QKD.
One promising way to use quantum information to secure everyday communication is through the distribution of quantum keys. By exchanging a secret key, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) approach allows two parties to communicate securely.BB84 protocol is among the most well-known QKD protocols. In this protocol, qubits are exchanged via a quantum channel between the sender and the receiver. This enables them to produce a shared key that is impenetrable to eavesdroppers and illustrate the fundamental ideas of QKD using current simulations and implementations. The results of this study demonstrate that the BB84 protocol is a highly secure QKD technique that has been investigated in great detail and used in a variety of contexts. Additionally, over the enhancements made to the BB84 protocol such as the use of advanced error correction techniques and decoy states to increase its security and usability is discussed. With an emphasis on the BB84 protocol in secure communication technologies, this study offers an extensive analysis of QKD systems overall.
Quantum cryptography is basically based on a trusted channel in communication between two parties compared to classical channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD has become more secure transmission method used to transmit secret key between two legitimate parties. This paper discusses the implementation of QKD protocol (BB84 protocol), which is widely used today. The implementation simulates the communication of two parties who wish to share a secret key with the existing of eavesdropper. The existing of eavesdropper is simulated with two kinds of attacks, which is use as parameter to measure the length of final key agreed by both authenticated parties at the end of the communication. This paper also discuss about future works to fully implement the shared secret key.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides unconditional physical layer security for the distribution of encryption keys between legitimate parties. This paper presents a quantum key distribution protocol over a two-way quantum channel. This protocol does not require any classical communication channel for key sifting and key reconciliation. Utilizing the proposed protocol, one can reduce the overhead in the classical channel and increase the speed with which keys can be exchanged. Absence of a classical communication channel reduces operational overhead.
Essential role of Internet-based communication is the security of information. Classical Cryptography is based on mathematical models and computational complexity to compute the secret key. It does not provide enough security because finding a fast method to calculate the secret key will compromise the security of the system. Quantum Key Distribution is one of the most promising methods which provide unconditional security. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses a quantum property in exchanging information called photons, as carriers of information in security systems, and QKD cannot separate from protocols BB84, B92 and BBM92. In this paper, we are testing the probability error comparison of BB84 protocol, B92 protocol, and BBM92 using QuVis simulator software. The results show that the B92 protocol is more relevant in detecting eavesdropping in lower error rates than the other two protocols.
A quantum key distribution (QKD) system produced shared secret key and transmitted the key between the sender and receiver in a highly secured transmission. QKD uses the fundamental of quantum properties of a single photon to provide a secured communication channel with absolute security guaranteed by the laws of physics. This research has developed a simulator software for BB84 and B92 protocols which implemented both protocols in 802.11i WLAN environment. The parameters used for this research are with attack and without attack, where measured by three measurements for both protocols which are final key length, expected key length by eavesdropper and error rate estimation. The 802.11i WLAN is consider as insecure because the tendency to be intercepted by intruders is high. Furthermore, the interference from other consumer devices such as cordless phone and microwave can contribute to degradation of WLAN performance. This type of noise can generate different numbers of final key length and different levels of error rate estimation. Thus, the level of the error rate estimation determined the secrecy of the secret key. The discussion of security issue between BB84 and B92 protocols also discussed in terms of secrecy and strength of the secret key between both protocols in 802.11i WLAN.
The main goals of cryptography are the encryption of messages to render them unintelligible to third parties and the authentication of messages to certify that they have not been modified. These goals can be accomplished if the sender ("Alice") and recipient ("Bob") both possess a secret random binary digit (bit) known as "key". It is essential that Alice and Bob acquire the key material with a high level of confidence that any third party ("Eve") does not have even partial information about the random bit sequence. If Alice and Bob communicate solely through classical messages (as opposed to Quantum cryptography), it is impossible for them to generate a certifiably secret key. QKD are the new generation of cryptographic systems which allow two remote parties (Alice and Bob) to generate a secret key with privacy guaranteed by quantum mechanics. They generate a random key securely over an optical fiber connection (also known as Quantum channel). This random key is then used for encryption and decryption of confidential messages, which then can be sent in encrypted form over any non-secure communication channel. In this thesis, we study two fiber-based QKD systems namely "oneway" and "two-way". Both systems have their unique advantage which distinguish them to one another. In one-way, the complexity of the electronic system may reduce. However more attention has to be made on the optical setup due to the requirement of active compensation. In the two-way, the requirement of optical setup may reduce but the attention moves to the electronic system which requires precise and short pulse especially for high speed in Alice system configuration. Our developed prototype is capable to support either one-way and two-way QKD system. We also solved some of the issues from the previous prototype Kumar [2008] which limited the system to be used in high speed. For instance: the synchronization system now uses a single synchronization signal per frame; the frame initialization time delay is reduced to 140ms per frame; pulse shaping distortion due to current consumption. We also introduced the security perspective for B92 protocol with uninformative states. This is done by utilizing the security analysis for BB84 such as entanglement distillation protocol (EDP) [...], smooth Ra'©nyi entropy [...] and composable security [...]. Numerous proposal on smooth Ra'©nyi entropy as general case [...] either for finite security analysis [...] or in asymptotic limit [...] assist us to deduce finite security perspective for B92 with uninformative states. [...] This thesis is organized as follow, initially starts with a general introduction to the cryptography and its relation with quantum cryptography. This is elaborated in Chapter One. In the Second Chapter we will go through the background of quantum mechanics and quantum information and introduce some parameters and theory mostly used in Quantum Key Distribution. These include quantum measurement, state behavior and the security analysis parameters. The second chapter will give the background concepts for the QKD in perspective of quantum information. The Third Chapter will explore more detailed information towards QKD. It starts with the basic architecture algorithm of the quantum cryptography system and details each components of the architecture. Later we focus on the security analysis specifically for the B92 protocol. Finally in the chapter, we will make some finite element analysis for the B92 protocol with uninformative states. In Chapter Four and onwards, we are discussing the experimental implementation and analysis. We begin with the heart of our system which is the field programmable gate array (FPGA) system. We explain the detailed architecture of our FPGA system and how the system works. The module that we develop in our FPGA system in order to work inside the QKD system is also explained in detail. We reserve the modification and advanced work of this system for the future by giving the original codes in the Appendix A. Chapter Five is one of the shortest chapters in this thesis. This chapter explains our electronic development and the opto-electronic device which are used in the QKD system. The main device that we develop for the QKD system is our Mezzanine board for FPGA. This mezzanine board supports some functions that are not available from the FPGA in order to make the system functional. Other developments include opto-electronic board and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with the current driver. Chapter Six is the main experimental part. In this Chapter we start to give the introduction to our optical setup. We detail out our configuration of the setup and finally show our results taken from experimental work. Finally in Chapter Seven we conclude our work and purposed future work which actually need to done for the system.