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Chinese Physics B

Interpulse interference of electron emission from an atom irradiated by sinusoidally phase-modulated pulse

Haiying Yuan, Fu-Ming Guo, Di-Yu Zhang, Jun Wang, Ji-Gen Chen, Yujun Yang

Published Oct 1, 2018• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We theoretically investigate the photoelectron emission from an atom irradiated by an amplitude modulated sinusoidally phase-modulated pulse through solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in the momentum space. By controlling the phase amplitude of the pulse in the frequency domain, it can be found that the photoelectron spectra appear as explicit interference phenomena, which originated from the interference between the directly ionized electron and the ionization of the pre-excited atom from different subpulses.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/27/10/103201

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We theoretically investigate the photoelectron emission from an atom irradiated by an amplitude modulated sinusoidally phase-modulated pulse through solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in the momentum space. By controlling the phase amplitude of the pulse in the frequency domain, it can be found that the photoelectron spectra appear as explicit interference phenomena, which originated from the interference between the directly ionized electron and the ionization of the pre-excited atom from different subpulses.
By solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation in momentum space, the photoelectron emission from atoms under the irradiation of 400 nm sinusoidal phase-modulated shaped pulses was investigated. It was found that by controlling the phase and amplitude of the pulses in the frequency domain, in addition to the photoelectron peaks generated by the interference of multiple-cycle ionization, additional resonant peak structures and interference phenomena can be observed in the photoelectron emission spectrum. Through the analysis of photoelectrons from different subpulses within the shaped pulse, it was discovered that these structures arise from the modulation of ionization and excitation processes by multiple subpulses within the shaped pulse. This study demonstrates the significant importance of utilizing shaped pulses for the control of photoelectron emission.
The dynamics of the bound-state populations and the photoelectron spectra are calculated for model atomic systems irradiated by a pulse with a harmonically modulated frequency. For a system including a single bound state a model is adopted, which takes into account the threshold behavior typical of negative ions and admits continuum-continuum transitions. For a model one-dimensional atom the results are obtained through a numerical integration of the Schr\"odinger equation. The case of a resonant ionization is also considered. The modulation of the frequency results in changing the instantaneous rate of decay of the initial state, in inducing additional population oscillations for multilevel systems, and in additional peaks in the photoelectron spectra.
The existence of subpeak structures between the Autler-Townes (AT) doublet of the photoelectron spectrum during resonant ionization of an atom has been predicted in a large number of theoretical calculations, but a convincing physical explanation is still lacking. In this study we establish a temporal interference picture to elucidate the physical origin of these subpeaks. We derive an analytical estimation for the photoelectron spectra based on a three-level model, which agrees well with the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation at moderately strong pulse intensities. Our interpretation suggests that the interference of the photoelectron wave packet emitted during each Rabi cycle results in the subpeak structure between the AT doublet. By analyzing the phase difference between two temporally adjacent photoelectron wave packets, we successfully predict the interference minima in the photoelectron energy spectra.
We calculate two-dimensional photoelectron momentum distributions and energy spectra after multiphoton ionization of Li atoms subject to intense laser fields in the one-photon Rabi-flopping regime. The time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation is solved within the single-active-electron approximation using a model potential which reproduces accurately the binding energies and dipole matrix elements of the Li atom. Interaction with the external electromagnetic field is treated within the dipole approximation. We show that the Rabi oscillations of the population between the ground 2s2s2s state and the excited 2p2p2p state in the one-photon resonance regime are reflected in the energy spectra of emitted photoelectrons, which manifest interference structures with minima. Transformations of the interference structures in the photoelectron energy spectra caused by the variation of the laser peak intensity and pulse duration are analyzed.
Properties of the two-photon ionization photoelectron spectra in excitation-ionization scheme by frequency-modulated fields are studied by means of perturbation theory and numerical calculation method.The influences on the photoelectron spectra by the modulated amplitude,the modulated frequency,and the initial phase of the frequency-modulated field and the detuning are discussed under strong-field mechanism.It is shown that the photoelectron spectra can be modulated by the modulated amplitude,the modulated frequency,the initial phase and the detuning.Quantum control of the photoelectron spectra can be realized by those parameters.Mechanism of quantum coherent control in this system is monitoring the selective population of dressed states(SPODS).
We present an interferometric method for studying the Rabi dynamics in atoms by employing an $\ensuremath{\omega}\text{\ensuremath{-}}2\ensuremath{\omega}$ extreme ultraviolet pulse pair generated from the seeded free-electron laser. By solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation (TDSE) for hydrogen atoms, we study the photoelectron spectrum that emerges when the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ pulse triggers Rabi oscillations between the ground state and the first excited state. The interference between the one-photon and two-photon ionization pathways in the photoelectron signal gives access to the phase difference between the one- and two-photon transition amplitudes. Compared to the cases without Rabi oscillations, an additional $\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase jump is observed in the energy domain. Based on perturbation theory, we demonstrate that this phase jump directly reflects the ultrafast buildup of Rabi oscillations in the time domain. The present $\ensuremath{\omega}\text{\ensuremath{-}}2\ensuremath{\omega}$ scheme can be generalized and applied to other more complex atoms or molecules provided that the populations of bound states can be efficiently and coherently modulated using the free-electron laser.