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Frontiers in Optics

Atom Interferometry with a Weakly Interacting Bose Einstein Condensate

M. Fattori, Chiara D’Errico, G. Roati, Matteo Zaccanti, M. Jona Lasinio, Michele Modugno, Giovanni Carlo Modugno, M. Inguscio

Published Jan 1, 2008• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate trapped atom interferometry with a weakly interacting Bose Einstein condensate. Atomic scattering length is tuned almost to zero by means of a broad magnetic Feshbach resonance and interaction induced decoherence results strongly suppressed.
DOI
10.1364/ls.2008.lwg2

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We demonstrate the operation of an atom interferometer based on a weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate. We strongly reduce the interaction induced decoherence that usually limits interferometers based on trapped condensates by tuning the s-wave scattering length almost to zero via a magnetic Feshbach resonance. We employ a 39K condensate trapped in an optical lattice, where Bloch oscillations are forced by gravity. The fine-tuning of the scattering length down to 0.1 a_(0) and the micrometric sizes of the atomic sample make our system a very promising candidate for measuring forces with high spatial resolution. Our technique can be in principle extended to other measurement schemes opening new possibilities in the field of trapped atom interferometry.
Bose-Einstein condensation has been achieved in a magnetically trapped sample of 85Rb atoms. Long-lived condensates of up to 10(4) atoms have been produced by using a magnetic-field-induced Feshbach resonance to reverse the sign of the scattering length. This system provides new opportunities for the study of condensate physics. The variation of the scattering length near the resonance has been used to magnetically tune the condensate self-interaction energy over a wide range, extending from strong repulsive to large attractive interactions. When the interactions were switched from repulsive to attractive, the condensate shrank to below our resolution limit, and after approximately 5 ms emitted a burst of high-energy atoms.
Due to atomic interactions, a dilute gas Bose-Einstein condensate acquires a self- energy proportional to the two-body scattering length a. This self-energy strongly influences the stability, formation rate, size and shape, collective excitations, and other properties of a condensate. For a given atomic species at zero magnetic field, the scattering length is fixed, and this had led to a rather limited range of interaction strengths in experiments. However, it has been predicted that a magnetically tunable Feshbach resonance could be used to strongly modify scattering lengths [1]. We have observed such a Feshbach resonance in collisions of ultracold 85Rb(f =2, mf=−2) atoms in a magnetic field B. From our measured resonance position and width, we infer that the scattering length a2,−2 for collisions of these atoms has the dispersive resonance form.
We use a Feshbach resonance to tune the scattering length a of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 7Li in the |F=1,mF=1> state. Using the spatial extent of the trapped condensate, we extract a over a range spanning 7 decades from small attractive interactions to extremely strong repulsive interactions. The shallow zero crossing in the wing of the Feshbach resonance enables the determination of a as small as 0.01 Bohr radii. Evidence of the weak anisotropic magnetic dipole interaction is obtained by comparison with different trap geometries for small a.
The achievement of a Bose-Einstein condensate of cesium in the lowest internal state (F=3, m/sub F/=3) by evaporative cooling in an optical trap is reported. The corresponding scattering length shows a strong dependence on magnetic field, varying from large negative to large positive values in a conveniently accessible magnetic field range due to a unusual combination of broad and narrow Feshbach resonances. The inelastic processes resulting from this complex scattering behavior in thermal ensembles is studied. These measurements have been of crucial importance for identifying a suitable path in phase space towards condensation. In first experiments, the strong dependence of the condensate mean-field energy on the magnetic field is demonstrated. By briefly switching to different scattering lengths just before releasing the sample from the trap, imploding, exploding, and non-interacting 'frozen' condensates are produced. We will employ the tunable interaction in further experiments by looking at molecule formation on Feshbach resonances and exploring condensate dynamics at extreme values of the scattering length.
Bose-Einstein condensation has been achieved in a magnetically trapped sample of 85Rb atoms. Stable condensates of up to 104 atoms have been created by using a magnetic-field-induced Feshbach resonance to reverse the sign of the zero-field scattering length. These condensates provide unique opportunities for the study of BEC physics. The variation of the scattering length near the resonance has been used to magnetically tune the condensate self-interaction energy over a very wide range. This range extended from very strong repulsive self-interactions to large attractive ones. The effect of moving the condensate through the Feshbach resonance has been studied and compared with theory. Long-lived metastable condensates with attractive interactions have been produced near the zero of the Feshbach resonance. The transition from repulsive to attractive interactions can lead to a “collapse” of the condensate in which the cloud shrinks below our resolution limit, loses a significant number of atoms due to inelastic losses, and emits a burst of high-energy atoms.