We take quantum theory and replace $\mathbb{C}$ by $\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]$ where $\varepsilon^2=0$ , i.e. we extend quantum theory to the ring of dual complex numbers. The aim is to develop a common language in which to treat continuous quantum physics and discrete quantum models in a unified manner, including their symmetries. Since quantum theory is linear, introducing $\varepsilon$ is enough to model infinitesimals. A first objection to this programme is that $\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]$ is not a field, since division by $\varepsilon$ is undefined, while quantum mechanics typically relies on division. A second objection concerns whether unitarity still makes sense given $\varepsilon^2 = 0$ . Hence, the core of this work is dedicated to proving that \dual quantum theory remains fully consistent. In particular, norm is preserved at all times, and renormalization never requires dividing by an infinitesimal. An equivalence with conventional quantum theory is demonstrated: the \dual extension of a parametrized quantum operation automatically provides a linear treatment of its first-order variations. As a first example application, we provide a unified description of both the Dirac equation in the continuum and the Dirac Quantum Walk in the discrete. We establish the discrete Lorentz covariance of the latter.We take quantum theory and replace $\mathbb{C}$ by $\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]$ where $\varepsilon^2=0$, i.e. we extend quantum theory to the ring of dual complex numbers. The aim is to develop a common language in which to treat continuous quantum physics and discrete quantum models in a unified manner, including their symmetries. Since quantum theory is linear, introducing $\varepsilon$ is enough to model infinitesimals. A first objection to this programme is that $\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]$ is not a field, since division by $\varepsilon$ is undefined, while quantum mechanics typically relies on division. A second objection concerns whether unitarity still makes sense given $\varepsilon^2 = 0$. Hence, the core of this work is dedicated to proving that \dual quantum theory remains fully consistent. In particular, norm is preserved at all times, and renormalization never requires dividing by an infinitesimal. An equivalence with conventional quantum theory is demonstrated: the \dual extension of a parametrized quantum operation automatically provides a linear treatment of its first-order variations. As a first example application, we provide a unified description of both the Dirac equation in the continuum and the Dirac Quantum Walk in the discrete. We establish the discrete Lorentz covariance of the latter.

quant-pharXiv:2603.17581Mar 19, 20260 citations

Symmetries in covariant quantum mechanics

Dirk Saller

The thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part of the thesis, I present an updated version of the theory of covariant quantum mechanics and of the associated classical background. This theory has originally been proposed by Jadczyk and Modugno and further developed in cooperation with other people. It provides a geometric model for quantum mechanics of a scalar and spin particle in a curved spacetime with absolute time equipped with a given classical gravitational and electromagnetic field. Starting from minimal axioms, this model yields in a covariant way the Schrödinger equation by means of a global Lagrangian formalism and the quantum operators associated with classical quantisable functions by means of classification of distinguished quantum vector fields. In the second part of the thesis, I investigate systematically the infinitesimal symmetries of the classical and quantum geometric structures. This part deals with the main original contributions of the thesis. Some results fit well-known facts of other mathematical models of quantum mechanics, but are derived by innovative procedures. Other results are completely new. The most important original contributions can be summarized by the following two statements: The quantum symmetries constitute Lie algebras, which are naturally isomorphic to subalgebras of the new classical Lie algebra of quantisable functions. Let me stress that this algebra is not a Poisson subalgebra. On the other hand, by means of the quantum Lagrangian formalism, we can associate a conserved quantum current with any element of a distinguished classical subalgebra. These results might be the prequantum source of the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.The thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part of the thesis, I present an updated version of the theory of covariant quantum mechanics and of the associated classical background. This theory has originally been proposed by Jadczyk and Modugno and further developed in cooperation with other people. It provides a geometric model for quantum mechanics of a scalar and spin particle in a curved spacetime with absolute time equipped with a given classical gravitational and electromagnetic field. Starting from minimal axioms, this model yields in a covariant way the Schrödinger equation by means of a global Lagrangian formalism and the quantum operators associated with classical quantisable functions by means of classification of distinguished quantum vector fields. In the second part of the thesis, I investigate systematically the infinitesimal symmetries of the classical and quantum geometric structures. This part deals with the main original contributions of the thesis. Some results fit well-known facts of other mathematical models of quantum mechanics, but are derived by innovative procedures. Other results are completely new. The most important original contributions can be summarized by the following two statements: The quantum symmetries constitute Lie algebras, which are naturally isomorphic to subalgebras of the new classical Lie algebra of quantisable functions. Let me stress that this algebra is not a Poisson subalgebra. On the other hand, by means of the quantum Lagrangian formalism, we can associate a conserved quantum current with any element of a distinguished classical subalgebra. These results might be the prequantum source of the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Jan 1, 20013 citations

Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics

Walter Greiner, Berndt Müller

Springer eBooksJan 1, 199424 citations

Infinitesimal reference frames suffice to determine the asymmetry properties of a quantum system

Rhea Alexander, Si Gvirtz-Chen, David Jennings

Abstract Symmetry principles are fundamental in physics, and while they are well understood within Lagrangian mechanics, their impact on quantum channels has a range of open questions. The theory of asymmetry grew out of information-theoretic work on entanglement and quantum reference frames, and allows us to quantify the degree to which a quantum system encodes coordinates of a symmetry group. Recently, a complete set of entropic conditions was found for asymmetry in terms of correlations relative to infinitely many quantum reference frames. However, these conditions are difficult to use in practice and their physical implications unclear. In the present theoretical work, we show that this set of conditions has extensive redundancy, and one can restrict to reference frames forming any closed surface in the state space that has the maximally mixed state in its interior. This in turn implies that asymmetry can be reduced to just a single entropic condition evaluated at the maximally mixed state. Contrary to intuition, this shows that we do not need macroscopic, classical reference frames to determine the asymmetry properties of a quantum system, but instead infinitesimally small frames suffice. Building on this analysis, we provide simple, closed conditions to estimate the minimal depolarization needed to make a given quantum state accessible under channels covariant with any given symmetry group.Abstract Symmetry principles are fundamental in physics, and while they are well understood within Lagrangian mechanics, their impact on quantum channels has a range of open questions. The theory of asymmetry grew out of information-theoretic work on entanglement and quantum reference frames, and allows us to quantify the degree to which a quantum system encodes coordinates of a symmetry group. Recently, a complete set of entropic conditions was found for asymmetry in terms of correlations relative to infinitely many quantum reference frames. However, these conditions are difficult to use in practice and their physical implications unclear. In the present theoretical work, we show that this set of conditions has extensive redundancy, and one can restrict to reference frames forming any closed surface in the state space that has the maximally mixed state in its interior. This in turn implies that asymmetry can be reduced to just a single entropic condition evaluated at the maximally mixed state. Contrary to intuition, this shows that we do not need macroscopic, classical reference frames to determine the asymmetry properties of a quantum system, but instead infinitesimally small frames suffice. Building on this analysis, we provide simple, closed conditions to estimate the minimal depolarization needed to make a given quantum state accessible under channels covariant with any given symmetry group.

arXiv:2107.14181New Journal of PhysicsApr 20, 20225 citations

Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics

Walter Greiner, Berndt Müller

Springer eBooksJan 1, 198927 citations

We take quantum theory and replace

\mathbb{C}

\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]

where

\varepsilon^2=0

, i.e. we extend quantum theory to the ring of dual complex numbers. The aim is to develop a common language in which to treat continuous quantum physics and discrete quantum models in a unified manner, including their symmetries. Since quantum theory is linear, introducing

\varepsilon

is enough to model infinitesimals. A first objection to this programme is that

\mathbb{C}[\varepsilon]

is not a field, since division by

\varepsilon

is undefined, while quantum mechanics typically relies on division. A second objection concerns whether unitarity still makes sense given

\varepsilon^2 = 0

. Hence, the core of this work is dedicated to proving that \dual quantum theory remains fully consistent. In particular, norm is preserved at all times, and renormalization never requires dividing by an infinitesimal. An equivalence with conventional quantum theory is demonstrated: the \dual extension of a parametrized quantum operation automatically provides a linear treatment of its first-order variations. As a first example application, we provide a unified description of both the Dirac equation in the continuum and the Dirac Quantum Walk in the discrete. We establish the discrete Lorentz covariance of the latter.