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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging

Squeeze operators in classical and quantum scenarios

H. M. Moya-Cessa, A. Vidiella-Barranco, Victor M. Arrizon, Francisco Soto, Arturo Zúñiga-Segundo, Jorge Andres Anaya-Contreras

Published Sep 18, 2018• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show how squeeze operators appear in paraxial field propagation,i.e., in classical optics. Then, we show how squeezed states may be generated in multiphoton processes that occur in single photon resonant transitions of the atom-field interaction when conditional measurements take place. We study field properties, to show that the field does not only acquire squeezed properties but also can gain or lose more than one photon.

DOI
10.1117/12.2317991

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We show how squeeze operators appear in paraxial field propagation,i.e., in classical optics. Then, we show how squeezed states may be generated in multiphoton processes that occur in single photon resonant transitions of the atom-field interaction when conditional measurements take place. We study field properties, to show that the field does not only acquire squeezed properties but also can gain or lose more than one photon.
Multiphoton interaction of single-mode squeezed-state light and a two-level atom is considered based on the K-photon Jaynes–Cummings model. Time evolution of quantum fluctuation and photon statistical properties of the initial squeezing light are discussed. It is found that through interaction with a two-level atom, larger squeezing levels cannot be achieved in one-photon or multiphoton processes. For photon antibunching behavior of the light field, it is shown that a smaller initial squeezing level and an appropriately larger coherent part of the initial average photon number of the radiation field favor the generation of this nonclassical behavior, especially in the lower-order interaction processes.
In this paper, based on the well-known one-mode and two-mode squeezed states, we introduce the two-mode and four-mode entangled squeezed states. Next, in order to generate the introduced entangled states, we present two theoretical schemes based on the resonant atom-field interaction. In the proposed schemes, a -type three-level atom interacts with the two-mode and four-mode quantized field in the presence of two strong classical fields in which two-photon atomic transitions are allowed. In the continuation, we study entanglement dynamics of the generated entangled states (using the von Neumann entropy) as well as the quantum polarization (using the Stokes operators). It is demonstrated that entanglement and polarization can be achieved for the produced states by adjusting the evolved parameters.
Light emitted from laser-driven atoms often has squeezed quadrature fluctuations reflecting the phase dependence of the atomic source excited into a coherent superposition by the driving field. In this paper, we study the maximum squeezing in the emitted light fields from three-level atoms, paying particular attention to the role of atomic coherences in governing the optimum squeezing which is possible. Some phase dependent nonlinear optical processes have the potential for substantial quantum noise reduction at useful intensities: for example, four-wave mixing involving atomic systems has already been used to generate quadrature-squeezed light. The threoretical description of such a source is generally complicated with damping processes, coherent and incoherent pumping, and so on, all needing to be taken into account. Fully quantum treatments are available, but the basic physics of the process is often difficult to grasp in the necessarily complicated analysis. Although less important from the point of view of efficient practical sources of squeezed light, studying the generation of squeezed light in simpler systems such as two- or three-level atoms interacting with one or two modes (as in Jaynes-Cummings models) or in spontaneous emission or resonance fluorescence gives greater insight into the fundamentals of the squeezing process. In particular, the relationship between the atomic coherences and the degree of squeezing in the generated fields can be explored. We study the maximum (optimized) squeezing that can be obtained in the emitted fields from the irreversible decay from three-level atoms for any choice of initial conditions, excitations and decay process, for all quadrature components and for all possible configurations (V, \ensuremath{\Lambda}, and ``ladder'' systems).We show that for V and \ensuremath{\Lambda} systems, optimum squeezing is actually associated with a two-level state (in a suitable basis) involving a single one-photon coherence, but for ladder systems the state for maximum noise reduction is not equivalent to a two-level system and involves a single two-photon coherence and no intermediate state population. We pay particular attention to whether the total field is in a minimum uncertainty state, and the nature of the atomic state associated with maximum squeezing, especially whether it is a mixed or pure state. In the case where the initial free field has a zero amplitude at the detector and the source atoms are confined to a region small compared to the wavelength (Dicke source) we show that the squeezing in the total field is given in terms of the squeezing in the source field, and hence related to atomic populations and atomic one-photon and two-photon coherences for the case of three level atom. Previously unconsidered source-free field interferences terms are shown to be zero. The choice of quadrature phase and frequency is optimized to minimize the source field normally ordered variance. We then minimize further with respect to the choice of atomic density matrix elements subject to the constraints that the density matrix is Hermitean, positive, and has a trace equal to unity. In all cases we find that the optimum squeezing is produced when the source field is in a minimum uncertainty state.
The creation of non-classical states of light is an interesting problem, that we solve sending atoms through an optical cavity. We show that it is possible to add or subtract many photons from a cavity field by interacting it resonantly with a two-level atom. The atom, after entangling with the field inside the cavity and exiting it, may be measured in one of the Schmidt states, producing a multiphoton process (in the sense that can add or annihilate more photons than a single transition allows), i.e. adding or subtracting several photons from the cavity field. By plotting the quadratures and the Husimi Q-function, we also show that the non-classical state produced by such measurements is a squeezed state.