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Trapping ultracold atoms in submicron period magnetic lattices

Tien Tran, Yibo Wang, I. Herrera, Armandas Balčytis, D. Nissen, M. Albrecht, S. Whitlock, Andrei I. Sidorov, Peter Hannaford

Published Dec 30, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In recent years, ultracold atoms trapped in periodic lattices have attracted much attention as a simulator for condensed matter systems because of the ability to manipulate and precisely control the ultracold atoms. Periodic arrays of magnetic microtraps patterned on a magnetic film provide a potential complementary tool to conventional optical lattices for trapping arrays of ultracold atoms. Compared to optical lattices, magnetic lat- tices allow a higher degree of design flexibility by allowing almost arbitrary lattice geometries and they also allow lower technical noise and state-selective trapping of atoms. This paper reports the trapping of ultracold 87Rb atoms in 0.7 μm-period triangular and square magnetic lattices integrated on an atom chip as a step towards using magnetic lattices as a new platform for simulating condensed matter and quantum many-body phenomena in nontrivial lattice geometries.

DOI
10.1117/12.2539581

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In recent years, ultracold atoms trapped in periodic lattices have attracted much attention as a simulator for condensed matter systems because of the ability to manipulate and precisely control the ultracold atoms. Periodic arrays of magnetic microtraps patterned on a magnetic film provide a potential complementary tool to conventional optical lattices for trapping arrays of ultracold atoms. Compared to optical lattices, magnetic lat- tices allow a higher degree of design flexibility by allowing almost arbitrary lattice geometries and they also allow lower technical noise and state-selective trapping of atoms. This paper reports the trapping of ultracold 87Rb atoms in 0.7 μm-period triangular and square magnetic lattices integrated on an atom chip as a step towards using magnetic lattices as a new platform for simulating condensed matter and quantum many-body phenomena in nontrivial lattice geometries.
Abstract We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanostructures to create a lattice of magnetic traps with sub-micron period for trapping ultracold atoms. These magnetic nanostructures were fabricated by patterning a Co/Pd multilayered magnetic film grown on a silicon substrate using high precision e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The Co/Pd film was chosen for its small grain size and high remanent magnetization and coercivity. The fabricated structures are designed to magnetically trap 87 Rb atoms above the surface of the magnetic film with one-dimensional and two-dimensional (triangular and square) lattice geometries and sub-micron period. Such magnetic lattices can be used for quantum tunneling and quantum simulation experiments, including using geometries and periods that may be inaccessible with optical lattices.
We report the trapping of ultracold 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in a 0.7-$\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$-period two-dimensional triangular magnetic lattice on an atom chip. The magnetic lattice is created by a lithographically patterned magnetic Co/Pd multilayer film plus bias fields. Rubidium atoms in the $|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ low-field seeking state are trapped at estimated distances down to about 100nm100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}100nm from the chip surface and with calculated mean trapping frequencies up to about 800kHz800\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}800kHz. The measured lifetimes of the atoms trapped in the magnetic lattice are in the range 0.4--1.7ms1.7\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}1.7ms, depending on distance from the chip surface. Model calculations suggest the trap lifetimes are currently limited mainly by losses due to one-dimensional thermal evaporation following loading of the atoms from the ZZZ-wire trap into the very tight magnetic lattice traps, rather than by fundamental loss processes such as surface interactions, three-body recombination, or spin flips due to Johnson magnetic noise. The trapping of atoms in a $0.7\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-period magnetic lattice represents a significant step toward using magnetic lattices for quantum tunneling experiments and to simulate condensed matter and many-body phenomena in nontrivial lattice geometries.
This article reviews the development in our laboratory of magnetic lattices comprising periodic arrays of magnetic microtraps created by patterned magnetic films to trap periodic arrays of ultracold atoms. Recent achievements include the realisation of multiple Bose-Einstein condensates in a 10 micron-period one-dimensional magnetic lattice; the fabrication of sub-micron-period square and triangular magnetic lattice structures suitable for quantum tunnelling experiments; the trapping of ultracold atoms in a sub-micron-period triangular magnetic lattice; and a proposal to use long-range interacting Rydberg atoms to achieve spin-spin interactions between sites in a large-spacing magnetic lattice.
This article reviews the development in our laboratory of magnetic lattices comprising periodic arrays of magnetic microtraps created by patterned magnetic films to trap periodic arrays of ultracold atoms. Recent achievements include the realisation of multiple Bose-Einstein condensates in a 10 μ\muμm-period one-dimensional magnetic lattice; the fabrication of sub-micron-period square and triangular magnetic lattice structures suitable for quantum tunnelling experiments; the trapping of ultracold atoms in a sub-micron-period triangular magnetic lattice; and a proposal to use long-range interacting Rydberg atoms to achieve spin-spin interactions between sites in a large-spacing magnetic lattice.
We propose the use of periodic arrays of permanent magnetic films for producing magnetic lattices of microtraps for confining, manipulating and controlling small clouds of ultracold atoms and quantum degenerate gases. Using analytical expressions and numerical calculations we show that periodic arrays of magnetic films can produce one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) magnetic lattices with non-zero potential minima, allowing ultracold atoms to be trapped without losses due to spin flips. In particular, we show that two crossed layers of periodic arrays of parallel rectangular magnets plus bias fields, or a single layer of periodic arrays of square-shaped magnets with three different thicknesses plus bias fields, can produce 2D magnetic lattices of microtraps having non-zero potential minima and controllable trap depth. For arrays with micron-scale periodicity, the magnetic microtraps can have very large trap depths ($\sim$0.5 mK for the realistic parameters chosen for the 2D lattice) and very tight confinement.
We describe the fabrication and construction of a setup for creating lattices of magnetic microtraps for ultracold atoms on an atom chip. The lattice is defined by lithographic patterning of a permanent magnetic film. Patterned magnetic-film atom chips enable a large variety of trapping geometries over a wide range of length scales. We demonstrate an atom chip with a lattice constant of 10 μm, suitable for experiments in quantum information science employing the interaction between atoms in highly excited Rydberg energy levels. The active trapping region contains lattice regions with square and hexagonal symmetry, with the two regions joined at an interface. A structure of macroscopic wires, cutout of a silver foil, was mounted under the atom chip in order to load ultracold (87)Rb atoms into the microtraps. We demonstrate loading of atoms into the square and hexagonal lattice sections simultaneously and show resolved imaging of individual lattice sites. Magnetic-film lattices on atom chips provide a versatile platform for experiments with ultracold atoms, in particular for quantum information science and quantum simulation.