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Results in Physics

The use of quantum damping self-frictional theory in a study of hydrogen-like atomic energies and forces

Nurşen Seçkin Görgün, I. I. Guseinov, Ramazan Aydın

Published Aug 29, 2018• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

By the use of complete orthogonal sets of ψ ( δ ∗ ) -damping self-frictional (DSF) exponential type orbitals ( ψ ( δ ∗ ) -DSFETO) introduced by one of the authors, the quantum DSF study of hydrogen-like atomic energies and forces are suggested. Here, δ ∗ = α ∗ or δ ∗ = p l ∗ , p l ∗ = 2 l + 2 - α ∗ and α ∗ = α - nl ∗ ( z ) are the integer and non-integer DSF quantum numbers which depend on quantities n , l and z , where z = H, He + , Li ++ , Be +++ , B ++++ , C +++++ , N ++++++ , O +++++++ , F ++++++++ , Ne +++++++++ . The average values of potentials, kinetic and total energies and forces of the hydrogen-like atomic systems are calculated. The given values are compared with the results obtained in the non-DSF (NDSF) theory.

DOI
10.1016/j.rinp.2018.08.037

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Using the classical trajectory we quantize the motion of a pointlike particle of mass m and energy 1/2${\mathit{mx}\mathit{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}}_{0}^{2}$ under the influence of the force Fn{\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{n}}Fn​=-\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\Vert}x\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{n}}$, \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0, n=1,2,.... Such forces are frictional only for x\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0 and antifrictional for x\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}0 and can be simulated through the gradient of a one-parameter class of energy-dependent potentials Vn{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{n}}Vn​(x;x${\mathrm{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}}_{0}$), which increase monotonically in x. This permits one to construct a class of Lagrange and Hamilton functions that do not contain any integrating functions. We then proceed to quantization and study the quantum scattering problem assuming that Fn{\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{n}}Fn​ acts on a finite interval of the x axis only. The stationary problem can be solved analytically for all n, and quantitative examples are shown for n=2. The time-dependent scattering problem is discussed with emphasis on Ehrenfest's theorems and on linear damping n=1. When the quantum-mechanical probability for reflection is small the method provides an approximation to the motion of a wave packet through a dissipative medium, with velocity-power forces Fdn{\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{dn}}Fdn​=-\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\Vert}x\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{n}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$x\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
In order to avoid the known problems of canonical quantisation of the dissipative equation mx+ alpha x n + delta V/ delta x=0, a modified approach is proposed. It is based on the classically conserved quantity E=mx 2 /2+V(x)+ alpha integral x n dx rather than on a Hamilton function. Linear, quadratic and cubic damping (n=1, 2 and 3) are discussed explicitly. For n=1 and n=3 normalisable (one-particle) states cannot be stable. However, for quadratic friction, which is classically a reversible process, the author shows, using the example of the harmonic oscillator, that stable normalisable eigenstates can exist.
The quantum dynamics of a hydrogen-like atom confined in one-dimensional box with oscillating walls is studied.The description of the system is reduced to a one-dimensional Schrödinger equation for Coulomb potential with time-dependent boundary conditions, which is solved numerically.Using the obtained solution, the average kinetic energy and binding energies are calculated as a function of time.It is found that both the average kinetic energy and the binding energies are periodic in time with the period depending on the wall's oscillation parameters.The probability density is also analyzed as a function of time and coordinate.
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Based on three principles taken from empiricism we establish a new nonlinear field theory which allows us to describe frictional effects in dissipative systems with the aid of a Schrödinger-type field equation with logarithmic nonlinearity. This nonlinear field equation corresponds to the classical Langevin equation and can be interpreted in different ways, taking the view of classical undulatory theory or probabilistic theories, respectively. Because of formal similarities, calculations can be performed independently of the accepted interpretation; only the occurring quantities have to be provided with the corresponding meaning. As an example, the nonlinear field equation for the damped harmonic oscillator is solved exactly. The solutions, a wavefunction and a wavepacketlike solution, a solution with Gaussian shape, exhibit reasonable properties, contain the correct reduced frequency Ω=(ω20−γ2/4)1/2 and are different from the solutions of the undamped problem. The properties of our nonlinear friction term are discussed and compared with those of similar nonlinear friction terms used by other authors. Finally, we derive a nonlinear friction term equivalent to our logarithmic nonlinearity but involving only combinations of suitably defined operators of position and linear momentum and mean values of these operators.
A new theory for the description of dissipative systems by nonlinear Schrödinger-type field equations (NLSE’s) with logarithmic nonlinearity, which has been recently developed by the authors, is applied to investigate the frictionally damped free motion and similar spatially unrestricted aperiodic problems. Wave-packet solutions as well as time-dependent wave-function solutions are derived and discussed. In the limit of vanishing friction (friction constant γ→0) these solutions turn into the well-known solutions of the respective linear Schrödinger field equation. The same applies to the mean values of position, momentum, and energy, as well as to the uncertainty product of position and momentum. For γ≠0, however, interesting new effects appear. In contrast to the linear theory the uncertainty product of position and momentum does not diverge any more for infinitely long times, t→∞, but asymptotically approaches a definite constant value which depends on characteristic parameters of the system like its mass, initial width, and friction constant γ. Another effect, the faster spreading of the Gaussian wave-packet solution compared to the linear theory, can be explained with the help of a special property of our nonlinear differential equation. In a way similar to what is usually only known for linear differential equations, the wave-packet solutions of our NLSE can be obtained by superposition of the wave functions which are individually also solutions of the same NLSE. The properties of the time-dependent superposition coefficients appearing in this connection are discussed. The extension to the corresponding three-dimensional problem as well as the differences arising in the investigation of the NLSE’s of the free fall and the motion in a constant electric field are given. Concluding, some differences are discussed which appear applying our nonlinear field theory to describe periodic or aperiodic motions, respectively.