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Nano-optics and nanophotonics

An Approach from Measurement Theory to Dressed Photon

Kazuya Okamura

Published Jan 1, 2018• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-98267-0_5

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Introduction . In this final chapter we review two topics of the literature concerning dressed atoms which are of conceptual relevance and capable of shedding some light on the physical meaning and significance of atomic dressing. The first section is devoted to some recent work in connection with the quantum theory of measurement. We include the measuring apparatus in the Hamiltonian along with an appropriate apparatus-atom coupling. We argue that the theory of measurement of finite duration provides us with a tool for detecting the spectral composition of the virtual cloud surrounding an atom. In fact, we show that in a measurement of duration T on a two-level atom fully dressed by the vacuum fluctuations, as discussed in Chapters 6 and 7, the apparatus perceives the atom as dressed only by photons of frequency larger than T -1 . In the case of a two-level atom dressed by a single-mode field populated by real photons, discussed in Chapter 5, we show that if T is smaller than the inverse Rabi frequency ħΔ -1 , the atom is perceived by the apparatus as bare; on the contrary, if T is larger than ħΔ -1 , the atom is perceived as dressed. The time scales for the two cases of dressing, by vacuum fluctuations or by a real single-mode field, are very different, but the similarity of the effects indicates a common physical aspect of the two kinds of dressing.

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Dressed Photons from the Viewpoint of Quantum Probability

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We consider a two-level atom in a strong laser field, described by the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian in the rotating-wave approximation, yielding the well known dressed states. Diagonalization of the total Hamiltonian is attained by introducing dressed-atomic and photon operators. The quantum theory of measurement of finite duration is used to explore the nature of the physical observables corresponding to the dressed operators. A measuring apparatus is contrived in order to observe the bare-atomic population and the bare-photon number in a dressed state of the system. It is shown that, if the duration of the measurement is longer than the Rabi period of the system, the apparatus leads to observation of the dressed-atomic population and of the dressed-photon number rather than of the corresponding bare quantities for which it was designed. Conceptual and practical consequences of this result are discussed.
Introduction . In this final chapter we review two topics of the literature concerning dressed atoms which are of conceptual relevance and capable of shedding some light on the physical meaning and significance of atomic dressing. The first section is devoted to some recent work in connection with the quantum theory of measurement. We include the measuring apparatus in the Hamiltonian along with an appropriate apparatus-atom coupling. We argue that the theory of measurement of finite duration provides us with a tool for detecting the spectral composition of the virtual cloud surrounding an atom. In fact, we show that in a measurement of duration T on a two-level atom fully dressed by the vacuum fluctuations, as discussed in Chapters 6 and 7, the apparatus perceives the atom as dressed only by photons of frequency larger than T -1 . In the case of a two-level atom dressed by a single-mode field populated by real photons, discussed in Chapter 5, we show that if T is smaller than the inverse Rabi frequency ħΔ -1 , the atom is perceived by the apparatus as bare; on the contrary, if T is larger than ħΔ -1 , the atom is perceived as dressed. The time scales for the two cases of dressing, by vacuum fluctuations or by a real single-mode field, are very different, but the similarity of the effects indicates a common physical aspect of the two kinds of dressing.