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Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Dynamics of a many-body quantum spin system caused by a sequence of pulses

Andrei A. Zvyagin

Published Aug 13, 2018• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Exact results for time evolution of a many-body quantum system (a transverse field Ising spin chain) under the action of several pulses of an external field are obtained. Unlike the situation with a single pulse, the magnetization depends on time for the sequence of two pulses. For the two-pulse case the magnetization does not depend on the value of the time spacing between pulses, in sharp contrast with the standard spin echo cases. Modulated oscillations of magnetization with time do not decay if the energy of eigenstates of the system before pulses is $k$ independent $(k$ is the quasimomentum), while for $k$-dependent initial eigenstates the modulated oscillations of magnetization decay (without inclusion of the ``external'' relaxation) to the steady-state value, depending on the parameters of pulses; i.e., the oscillations reveal time irreversibility.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.98.054414

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Exact results for time evolution of a many-body quantum system (a transverse field Ising spin chain) under the action of several pulses of an external field are obtained. Unlike the situation with a single pulse, the magnetization depends on time for the sequence of two pulses. For the two-pulse case the magnetization does not depend on the value of the time spacing between pulses, in sharp contrast with the standard spin echo cases. Modulated oscillations of magnetization with time do not decay if the energy of eigenstates of the system before pulses is kkk independent (k(k(k is the quasimomentum), while for kkk-dependent initial eigenstates the modulated oscillations of magnetization decay (without inclusion of the ``external'' relaxation) to the steady-state value, depending on the parameters of pulses; i.e., the oscillations reveal time irreversibility.
Driven many-body quantum systems where some parameter in the Hamiltonian is varied quasiperiodically in time may exhibit nonequilibrium steady states that are qualitatively different from their periodically driven counterparts. Here we consider a prototypical integrable spin system, the spin-1/21/21/2 transverse field Ising model in one dimension, in a pulsed magnetic field. The time dependence of the field is taken to be quasiperiodic by choosing the pulses to be of two types that alternate according to a Fibonacci sequence. We show that a steady state emerges after an exponentially long time when local properties (or equivalently, reduced density matrices of subsystems with size much smaller than the full system) are considered. We use the temporal evolution of certain coarse-grained quantities in momentum space to understand this nonequilibrium steady state in more detail and show that unlike the previously known cases, this steady state is neither described by a periodic generalized Gibbs ensemble nor by an infinite temperature ensemble. Finally, we study a toy problem with a single two-level system driven by a Fibonacci sequence; this problem shows how sensitive the nature of the final steady state is to the different parameters.
The nonequilibrium evolution of the system of two kinds of fermions under the action of a pulse of the external field has been studied. The number of fermions of each kind oscillates (with beats and decaying) as a function of the duration of the pulse about the value determined by the magnitude of the pulse, and as a function of the magnitude of the pulse. For low-dimensional systems those oscillations can serve as a non-zero-temperature manifestation of dynamical quantum phase transitions. The response of a Fermi gas or liquid in a tilted magnetic field, an edge state of a topological insulator, a quantum wire with spin-orbit coupling, and a dimerized spin-1/2 chain to the pulse can manifest such dynamical oscillations, which can be observed in experiments.
We study the real-time dynamics of a quantum Ising chain driven periodically by instantaneous quenches of the transverse field between $+{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{0}$ back and forth in equal intervals of time. Two interesting phenomena are reported and analyzed. (i) We observe dynamical many-body freezing (DMF), i.e., strongly nonmonotonic freezing of the response with respect to the driving parameters (pulse width and height) resulting from coherent suppression of dynamics of all quasiparticle modes. For certain combinations of the pulse height and the period, maximal freezing (DMF peaks) is observed, where a massive collapse of the entire Floquet spectrum occurs and the many-body system remains frozen extremely close to the initial state for all time. (ii) Second, away from the freezing peak, we observe the emergence of a distinct oscillation with a single nontrivial frequency, which can be much lower than the driving frequency. This remarkable slow oscillation involving many high-energy modes dominates the response in the limit of long observation time. We identify this slow oscillation as the unique survivor of destructive quantum interference between the many-body modes. The oscillation tends to decay algebraically with time to a constant value. All the key features are demonstrated analytically with numerical evaluations for specific results.
We consider the time evolution of entanglement in a finite two-dimensional transverse Ising model. The model consists of a set of seven localized spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ particles in a two-dimensional triangular lattice coupled through nearest-neighbor exchange interaction in the presence of an external time-dependent magnetic field. The magnetic field is applied in different function forms: step, exponential, hyperbolic, and periodic. We found that the time evolution of the entanglement shows an ergodic behavior under the effect of the time-dependent magnetic fields. Also, we found that while the step magnetic field causes great disturbance to the system, creating rapid oscillations, the system shows great controllability under the effects of the other magnetic fields where the entanglement profile follows closely the shape of the applied field even with the same frequency for periodic fields. This follow-up trend breaks down as the strength of the field, the transition constant for the exponential and hyperbolic forms, or the frequency for periodic field increase leading to rapid oscillations. We observed that the entanglement is very sensitive to the initial value of the applied periodic field: the smaller the initial value is, the less distorted the entanglement profile is. Furthermore, the effect of thermal fluctuations is very devastating to the entanglement, which decays very rapidly as the temperature increases. Interestingly, although a large value of the magnetic field strength may yield a small entanglement, the magnetic field strength was found to be more persistent against thermal fluctuations than the small field strengths.
The nonthermal quantum relaxation of the magnetization under nonequilibrium initial conditions is studied for the transverse Ising chain and for the one-dimensional isotropic XY model. In the absence of a heat bath the transverse Ising system exhibits an oscillating relaxation with a decaying amplitude. At the critical transverse field some stationary properties become independent of the initial state. The isotropic XY chain with a spatially inhomogeneous initial state shows a slow, modulated algebraic decay of the magnetization. Analysis of the two-time autocorrelation function reveals the phenomenon of aging.
The question of thermalisation in closed quantum many-body systems has received a lot of attention in the past few years. An intimately related question is whether a closed quantum system shows irreversible dynamics. However, irreversibility and what we actually mean by this in a quantum many-body system with unitary dynamics has been explored very little. In this work we investigate the dynamics of the Ising model in a transverse magnetic field involving an imperfect effective time reversal. We propose a definition of irreversibility based on the echo peak decay of observables. Inducing the effective time reversal by different protocols we find an algebraic decay of the echo peak heights or an ever persisting echo peak indicating that the dynamics in this model is well reversible.