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Remarks on the Choi-Jamiolkowski Correspondence in Infinite Dimensions

Alexander Semenovich Holevo

Published Apr 1, 2010• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We give a mathematical formulation for the Choi-Jamiolkowski (CJ) correspondence in the infinite-dimensional case in the form close to one used in quantum information theory. We show that there is no need to use a limiting procedure to define unnormalized maximally entangled state and the corresponding analog of the Choi matrix since they can be defined rigorously as, in general, nonclosable forms on an appropriate dense subspace. The properties of these forms are discussed in Sec. 2. An important question is: when the CJ form is given by a bounded operator. This is the case for entanglement-breaking channels: we prove this in Sec. 3 along with a version of a result of Wolf et al. characterizing CJ operators which correspond to such channels by giving precise definitions of a separable operator and a relevant integral. In Sec. 4 we obtain explicit expressions for CJ forms and operators defining a general Bosonic Gaussian channel. In Sec. 5 we give a decomposition of the Gaussian CJ form into product of the four principal types and a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of the bounded CJ operator.

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We give a mathematical formulation for the Choi-Jamiolkowski (CJ) correspondence in the infinite-dimensional case in the form close to one used in quantum information theory. We show that there is no need to use a limiting procedure to define unnormalized maximally entangled state and the corresponding analog of the Choi matrix since they can be defined rigorously as, in general, nonclosable forms on an appropriate dense subspace. The properties of these forms are discussed in Sec. 2. An important question is: when the CJ form is given by a bounded operator. This is the case for entanglement-breaking channels: we prove this in Sec. 3 along with a version of a result of Wolf et al. characterizing CJ operators which correspond to such channels by giving precise definitions of a separable operator and a relevant integral. In Sec. 4 we obtain explicit expressions for CJ forms and operators defining a general Bosonic Gaussian channel. In Sec. 5 we give a decomposition of the Gaussian CJ form into product of the four principal types and a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of the bounded CJ operator.
Provided a maximally entangled state vector in H⊗H{\mathcal{H}}\otimes{\mathcal{H}}H⊗H, the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism of quantum information theory (or channel/state duality) produces a mapping of CP(H,K){\mathsf CP}({\mathcal{H}},{\mathcal{K}})CP(H,K) (completely positive maps of density operators on H{\mathcal{H}}H tothose on K{\mathcal{K}}K) onto the density operators on K⊗H{\mathcal{K}}\otimes{\mathcal{H}}K⊗H, which extends to a unitary map. Here, H{\mathcal{H}}H and K{\mathcal{K}}K are {finite-dimensional} Hilbert spaces.The nature of this construction, the form of the associated formulas, and the possibility of versions which do not require an entangled vector seed, are illuminated from the perspective of {naturality}, in the sense of Eilenberg and MacLane.There is a unique such correspondence (``Choi map'') natural in both H{\mathcal{H}}H and K{\mathcal{K}}K which produces density operators on either L(H,K){\mathsf L}({\mathcal{H}},{\mathcal{K}})L(H,K) (Hilbert-Schmidt inner product) or K⊗H∗{\mathcal{K}}\otimes{\mathcal{H}}^*K⊗H∗ instead of K⊗H{\mathcal{K}}\otimes{\mathcal{H}}K⊗H. In particular, no entangled state input is required. There are no such binatural maps carried on K⊗H{\mathcal{K}}\otimes{\mathcal{H}}K⊗H, but those natural in only K{\mathcal{K}}K are canonically associated with unitary maps H→H∗{\mathcal{H}}\rightarrow{\mathcal{H}}^*H→H∗ and derive from the binatural maps. The construction recovers the standard Choi-Jamiolkowski formulae and shows how they express naturality.
In the first part of the paper we give a representation for entanglement-breaking channels in separable Hilbert space that generalizes the “Kraus decomposition with rank-one operators” and use it to describe complementary channels. We also note that coherent information for antidegradable channel is always nonpositive. In the second part, we give necessary and sufficient condition for entanglement breaking for the general quantum Gaussian channel. Application of this condition to one-mode channels provides several new cases where the additivity conjecture holds in the strongest form.
We demonstrate a general procedure to construct entanglement witnesses for any entangled state. This procedure is based on the trace inequality and a general form of entanglement witnesses, which is in the form $W=\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}I$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is a density matrix, ${c}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ is a non-negative number related to $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and III is the identity matrix. The general form of entanglement witnesses is deduced from Choi-Jamio\l{}kowski isomorphism, that can be reinterpreted as that all quantum states can be obtained by a maximally quantum entangled state pass through certain completely positive maps. Furthermore, we provide the necessary and sufficient condition of the entanglement witness $W=\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}I$ in operation, as well as in theory.
We address various aspects of a widely used tool in quantum information theory: the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism [A. Jamiolkowski, Rep. Math. Phys., 3, 275 (1972)]. We review different versions of the isomorphism, their properties and propose a unified description that combines them all. To this end, we identify the physical reason for the appearance of the (basis-dependent) operation of transposition in the isomorphism as used in Choi's theorem [M.-D. Choi, Lin. Alg. Appl., 10, 285 (1975)]. This requires a careful distinction between Jordan algebras and the different C*-algebras they arise from, which are distinguished by their order of composition. Physically, the latter encodes a choice of time orientation in the respective algebras, which relates to a number of recent results, including a characterisation of quantum from more general non-signalling bipartite correlations [M. Frembs and A. Döring, arXiv:2204.11471] and a classification of bipartite entanglement [M. Frembs, arXiv:2207.00024].