Information is an integral part of the Universe. By its physical essence information is heterogeneity of matter and energy. Therefore information is inseparably connected with matter and energy. The universal measure of information in physical heterogeneity is the Shannon information entropy. An information approach along with a physical one allows to obtain new, sometimes more general data in relation to data obtained on the ground of physical rules only. The results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of informational approach for studying the interactions in the Universe. The paper shows that, along with the physical interactions the gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, weak interactions exists fifth type of fundamental interactions-information interaction, whose magnitude is not dependent on distance. The existence of information interaction is determined by the entanglement of quantum states, of quantum subsystems. The magnitude of information interaction is measured in bits.
Information is an integral part of the Universe. By its physical essence information is heterogeneity of matter and energy. Therefore information is inseparably connected with matter and energy. The universal measure of information in physical heterogeneity is the Shannon information entropy. An information approach along with a physical one allows to obtain new, sometimes more general data in relation to data obtained on the ground of physical rules only. The results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of informational approach for studying the interactions in the Universe. The paper shows that, along with the physical interactions the gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, weak interactions exists fifth type of fundamental interactions-information interaction, whose magnitude is not dependent on distance. The existence of information interaction is determined by the entanglement of quantum states, of quantum subsystems. The magnitude of information interaction is measured in bits.
In this chapter, we discuss several information measures that are important for quantifying the amount of information and correlations that are present in quantum systems. The first fundamental measure that we introduce is the von Neumann entropy (or simply quantum entropy ). It is the quantum generalization of the Shannon entropy, but it captures both classical and quantum uncertainty in a quantum state.1 The quantum entropy gives meaning to the notion of an information qubit . This notion is different from that of the physical qubit, which is the description of a quantum state of an electron or a photon. The information qubit is the fundamental quantum informational unit of measure, determining how much quantum information is present in a quantum system. The initial definitions here are analogous to the classical definitions of entropy, but we soon discover a radical departure from the intuitive classical notions from the previous chapter: the conditional quantum entropy can be negative for certain quantum states. In the classical world, this negativity simply does not occur, but it takes on a special meaning in quantum information theory. Pure quantum states that are entangled have stronger-than-classical correlations and are examples of states that have negative conditional entropy. The negative of the conditional quantum entropy is so important in quantum information theory that we even have a special name for it: the coherent information. We discover that the coherent information obeys a quantum data-processing inequality, placing it on a firm footing as a particular informational measure of quantum correlations. We then define several other quantum information measures, such as quantum mutual information, that bear similar definitions as in the classical world, but with Shannon entropies replaced with quantum entropies. This replacement may seem to make quantum entropy somewhat trivial on the surface, but a simple calculation reveals that a maximally entangled state on two qubits registers two bits of quantum mutual information (recall that the largest the mutual information can be in the classical world is one bit for the case of two maximally correlated bits). We then discuss several entropy inequalities that play an important role in quantum information processing: the monotonicity of quantum relative entropy, strong subadditivity, the quantum data-processing inequalities, and continuity of quantum entropy.
By offering mathematical frameworks and experimental techniques for characterising matter, energy, space, time, and their interactions, physics plays a crucial role in comprehending the nature of reality. The evolution of contemporary physics, from classical mechanics and electromagnetism to quantum mechanics and relativity, has profoundly altered our comprehension of the cosmos and put traditional ideas of determinism, locality, causation, and observation to the test. The contribution of modern physics theories to our comprehension of reality at the microscopic and cosmological sizes is examined in this paper. The measurement problem, entanglement, quantum information, quantum physics, and the connection between physical information and the emergence of observable reality are all given special emphasis. The study also looks at how understanding space, time, matter, and the structure of the cosmos is affected by general relativity, quantum field theory, and new theories of quantum gravity. Additionally, the potential connection between information, awareness, and physical processes is rigorously examined, separating accepted scientific findings from theoretical and philosophical interpretations. The study shows that relationships, information, and physical rules may be a more fundamental way to define reality than traditional ideas of independently existent objects by combining findings from theoretical physics, quantum information science, and philosophy of physics. The study concludes that while unanswered problems about quantum measurement, the origin of spacetime, and consciousness point to significant avenues for future multidisciplinary research, physics is still a potent framework for examining fundamental reality.
The article says that no scientist who dealt with basic studies of information could discover its physical essence and Information theory does not explain physical basics of this concept. Quantum-entropic logic theory is the first theory revealing physics of information interaction. It postulates that information is described by means of quantum equations, that there are particles capable of information transferring. These postulates eliminate logical contradictions of quantum mechanics related to wave probability function.
Consider the following: A scientist studying atoms, is a group of atoms studying themselves. A strange way of looking at reality. To understand, we have to travel through the world of the infinitesimal, governed by rules and laws, different from the ones we know from our classical world. We have to enter the world of information. Max Born created the measurement problem with his statistical interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave-function: the strange connection between the collapse of a quantum mechanical wavefunction and measurement, observation, interaction with the environment, with projection into a single concrete reality in a classical world. Where a measurement or observation creates the relevant past history, John Wheeler’s eye. The universe urges for an increase in entropy and information processing. This increase makes the universe a bustling place where life such as ours can arise. The biochemistry of all life we know, has an essential basic property as the sole islands in the known universe succeeding in keeping its own entropy low: life is capable of violating the second law of thermodynamics. Life manages to prevent equally distribution of matter and energy in which case all biochemical processes stop and life ends. Growing old and dying, for every solely living thing on Earth, means being not able anymore to keep its entropy low, leading to a malfunction in the biochemical machinery, failing fundamental processes, wear and ultimately death. Keeping its entropy low, is a basic property of life. Entropy describes a system on a microscopic level and is closely related to information, the Shannon entropy, combined to as Infotropy. They are 2 parts of the same coin, closely connected with the statistics governing the rules of the universe. An average human body contains about 7 octillion (a 7 with 27 zeros) atoms and they all ‘know’ exactly what to do and how to interact. Hidden webs of information guide the atoms and molecules in their biochemical reactions, while obeying the strange laws of quantum physics: every chemical and biochemical reaction depends on the interplay of electrons. This all is guided by communication between and information streams and exchange in the subsystems of the cellular machinery. The universe produced brains, so why can’t the universe itself be a giant super brain. All we call real is made up out of things which cannot be considered as real. Our senses are biochemical measuring instruments in our interaction with the environment. They don’t serve to reveal us reality but to help us to survive. Their information is interpreted in the brain as a ‘reality vital to life.’ The brain holds a mask in front of reality behind which the real world, the world of information and quanta lies concealed. The qubits, the quantum information that makes up the universe, do not signify anything concrete, but are transformed by biochemical projection and neural interpretation into apparent reality, as electrical circuits and software do in creating a 3D virtual reality. The deepest layer of reality consists out of information. Information is the building block of the universe, although a qubit is not a physical object but contains information about the physical object. Information is real and has to obey physical laws. Consciousness, emerging from the exchange of information via chemical and electrical signals, allowing life to have a notion or awareness of its environment, is the appearance of a world trough biochemical information projection and neural interpretation. The brain, the most complex piece of matter in the known universe, creates reality. Which brings us to the question: How can we possibly know what there is out there, if we ourselves, are locked up in complete darkness in a small box. Graphical Abstract: Saldesign.
This paper introduces a novel approach to information theory, leveraging quantum entanglement entropy as a fundamental measure of information. We propose that entanglement entropy can effectively quantify the efficiency of information transmission and provides a theoretical foundation that surpasses the limitations of classical information theory. The core of this work lies in the integration of entanglement entropy with Shannon entropy, establishing a new framework for analyzing information transfer. We explore scenarios where classical information theory struggles to adequately describe the limits of communication due to quantum mechanical effects, specifically entanglement. The paper aims to provide a theoretical underpinning for quantum communication protocols and potentially inform the development of quantum computation. We define key terms and formulate core concepts, focusing on the relationship between entanglement entropy, information content, and the constraints imposed by quantum mechanics. The central argument is that by considering the inherent interconnectedness of entangled systems, we can gain a deeper understanding of information processing at the most fundamental level. ---