Entanglement and Non-locality: EPR, Bell and Their Consequences

A. Mann, M. Revzen, Nathan Rosen

Some reflections on the EPR work, N. Rosen Philosophical reflections on EPR, A. Shimony Can EPR non-locality be geometrical? Y. Ne'Eman EPR in the 1990's: from paradox to crucial ingredient in frontier experiments, H.J. Lipkin Eistein-Podolsky-Rosen interferometry, A. Zeilinger Quantum phase, photon counting and EPR variables, M.T. Fontenelle, M. Freyberger, M. Heni, W.P. Schleich, M.S. Zubairy Fine structure of EPR state and universal quantum correlation, B.S. Tsirelson Locality, reality, EPR, and Bell's inequality, M. Lokajicek On the Pauli wave function and the EPR paradox, F. Piazzese Quantum nonreproducibility at the individual level as a resolution of quantum paradoxes, W. de Baere Quantum nonlocality and Bell's inequality, W.M. de Muynpk, W. De Baere On the conjecture that Bell's theorem is not true, E. Santos temporal Bell inequalities in quantum networks Quantum-optical Bell correlations in phase space, U. Leonhardt, J.A. Vaccaro More powerful tests of nonlocality by sequences of measurements, S. Popescu Nonlocality as an axiom for quantum theory, D. Rohrlich, S. Popescu Uncertainty principle for nonhermitian operators and its applications, L.P. Piyaevskii Measures of entanglement, A. Shimony Generalized two-mode squeezing and quantum entanglement Wave-particle duality for a single photon, A. Aspect Causality and nonlocality in faster- than- light photon travel Geometry of quantum inference, S.L. Braunstein Quantum information: how much information in a state vector? C.M. Caves, C.A. Fuchs Quantum and classical information transmission acts and reducibilities, C.H. Bennett Consequences and inconsequences of cryptic constrains, L.S. Schulman The meaning of protective measurements, Y. Aharonov, J. Anandan, L. Vaidman From E.P.R. to G.H.Z.: conference highlights, A. Peres.

Charles H. Holbrow, James N. Lloyd, Joseph C. Amato +2 more

Catherine E Nisson

Einstein was never satisfied with quantum mechanics. He argued that quantum mechanics was incomplete for two main reasons; it violated the locality principle and the separability principle. The violation of separability is an unavoidable consequence of quantum interactions. Non-separability can be seen in quantum entanglement. Non-locality, however, is more controversial. Einstein and his associates published the EPR paper in order to argue for the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. Years later, John Bell formulated what became known as the Bell Inequalities in response to the EPR paper. The Bell Inequalities are seen as a major obstacle for quantum locality. I will argue that non-locality is not a necessary implication of the Bell Inequalities. The Bell Inequalities were developed using Bell’s locality requirement as a major premise. Bell’s locality requirement can be described in terms of two conditions, parameter independence and outcome independence. A violation of either condition will lead to a violation of the Bell inequalities. Parameter independence is not violated by the results of experimental quantum physics. So, it can be argued that violations of the Bell inequalities are caused by the violation of outcome independence. Such a violation of outcome independence does not imply non-locality if we accept some form of holism or non-separability. Thus, by including some form of holism or non-separability into our picture of the quantum realm we can develop a theory that does not conflict with locality. This paper will discuss different types of holism and non-separability and how they can be used to help understand quantum phenomena.

Md Anwarul Islam Aion

Christopher C. Gerry, Kimberley M. Bruno

This chapter focuses the concepts of entanglement and non-locality. Quantum mechanics has yet another mystery—one that occurs as a consequence of superposition states involving two or more particles or two or more beams of photons. This is referred to as entanglement, also known as non-separability. The existence of entangled states is allowed, and even mandated, by quantum mechanics, and this leads us into yet another mystery: non-locality. It demonstrates how subatomic particles can be put into entangled states which reveal strange correlation effects—the effects being the essence of entanglement. It discusses the EPR argument, from the 1935 paper by Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen; the polarization states of photons; Bell's theorem; and the Hardy–Jordan argument.