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Optik

A comparative study on the reliability of non-Hermitian effective Hamiltonian approach for modeling open quantum systems

Santiago Echeverri-Arteaga, Herbert Vinck-Posada, Edgar A. Gómez

Published Jun 18, 2018• 8 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.06.081

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Interacting and open quantum systems can be formulated in terms of an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (NHH), however, there are important constraints that must be satisfied by the effective action and the associated Green's functions. One common approach to many-body non-Hermitian (NH) systems is to incorporate the anti-Hermitian part of the Hamiltonian directly in the Matsubara Green's function. Here, we show that such an approach is incompatible with the standard framework for systems with interactions. Furthermore, we furnish a consistent physical description for such systems by determining their distinction from conventional interacting physics, and find that they are described by pseudo-Hermitian quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we characterize the zero-temperature distribution functions within several frameworks for NH systems. As an application of our results, we consider the electromagnetic response of a NH quasiparticle Hamiltonian based on the (1+1)-dimensional NH Dirac model subject to various physical descriptions.
We investigate the relation between non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and Lindblad dynamics in nonequilibrium open quantum systems. Non-Hermitian models can extend phase diagrams and enable sensing advantages, but such effects often rely on postselection, raising questions about their relevance for unconditional dynamics. Using a minimal two-qubit setup mediating a heat current, we compare local and global Markovian master equations with their non-Hermitian counterparts. We observe that exceptional points emerge only in the local master equation and in the corresponding non-Hermitian Hamiltonian at sufficiently strong nonequilibrium. We further consider hybrid configurations, where one bath is treated with a Lindblad description and the other with a non-Hermitian approach, interpolating between the two extremes. Our results contribute understanding the role of quantum jumps and exceptional points in nonequilibrium open quantum systems and identify a simple, experimentally accessible architecture, realizable, for instance, in circuit-QED platforms, for their exploration.
Recently, it has become clear that non-Hermitian phenomena can be observed not only in open quantum systems experiencing gain and loss but also in equilibrium single-particle properties of strongly correlated systems. However, the circumstances and requirements for the emergence of non-Hermitian phenomena in each field are entirely different. While the implementation of postselection is a significant obstacle to observe the dynamics governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian in open quantum systems, it is unnecessary in strongly correlated systems. Until now, a relation between both descriptions of non-Hermitian phenomena has not been revealed. In this Letter, we close this gap and demonstrate that the non-Hermitian Hamiltonians emerging in both fields are identical, and we clarify the conditions for the emergence of a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian in strongly correlated materials. Using this knowledge, we propose a method to analyze non-Hermitian properties without the necessity of postselection by studying specific response functions of open quantum systems and strongly correlated systems.