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Viewpoint: Watching a Quantum Magnet Grow in Ultracold Atoms

Kaden R. A. Hazzard

Published Jun 18, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Two experiments watch an antiferromagnetic phase of matter emerge in ultracold Rydberg atoms, opening up a new platform for quantum simulation.

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Ultracold atoms in an optical lattice provide a unique approach to study quantum many-body systems, previously only possible by using condensed-matter experimental systems. This new approach, often called quantum simulation, becomes possible because of the high controllability of the system parameters and the inherent cleanness without lattice defects and impurities. In this article, we review recent developments in this rapidly growing field of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, with special focus on quantum simulations using our newly created quantum many-body system of two-electron atoms of ytterbium. In addition, we also mention other interesting possibilities offered by this novel experimental platform, such as applications to precision measurements for studying fundamental physics and a Rydberg atom quantum computation.
Simulating the real-time evolution of quantum spin systems far out of equilibrium poses a major theoretical challenge, especially in more than one dimension.We experimentally explore quench dynamics in a two-dimensional Ising spin system with transverse and longitudinal fields.We realize the system with a near unit-occupancy atomic array of over 200 atoms obtained by loading a spin-polarized band insulator of fermionic lithium into an optical lattice and induce short-range interactions by direct excitation to a lowlying Rydberg state.Using site-resolved microscopy, we probe antiferromagnetic correlations in the system after a sudden quench from a paramagnetic state and compare our measurements to numerical calculations using state-of-the-art techniques.We achieve many-body states with longer-range antiferromagnetic correlations by implementing a near-adiabatic quench of the longitudinal field and study the buildup of correlations as we vary the rate with which we change the field.
A programmable quantum simulator using Rydberg-atom array provides a promising route to demystifying quantum many-body physics in strongly correlated systems. Motivated by the recent realization of various quantum magnetic phases on the frustrated Rydberg-atom array, we perform numerically exact quantum Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the exotic states of matter emerging in the model describing the Rydberg atom on a triangular lattice. Our state-of-the-art simulation unveils the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ triangular antiferromagnetic order exists at 1/31/31/3 or 2/32/32/3-Rydberg filling, consistent with the observation in experiments. Remarkably, $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ long-range order arising from order-by-disorder mechanism emerges at 1/21/21/2 filling. At finite temperature, U(1)\mathrm{U}(1)U(1) symmetry is emergent at 1/21/21/2 filling and a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition occurs with increasing temperature. These intriguing phenomena are potentially detected in future Rydberg-atom experiments.