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Locality and electromagnetic momentum in critical tests of special relativity.

Gianfranco Spavieri, Jesús A. Quintero M., Arturo Rodolfo Sanchez Pineda, José Ayazo, G. T. Gillies

Published Apr 13, 2007• 0 citations
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Abstract

Locality and electromagnetic momentum in critical tests of special relativity.\nSpavieri, Gianfranco; Quintero, Jesús; Sánchez, Arturo; Ayazo, José y Gillies, George\n\nAbstract\n\nIn this review of recent tests of special relativity it is shown that the electromagnetic momentum plays a relevant role in various areas of classical and quantum physics. Crucial tests on the locality of Faraday's law for "open" currents, on a modified Trouton-Noble experiment, on nonconservation of mechanical angular momentum, on the force on the magnetic dipole, and on a reciprocal Rowland's experiment are outlined. Electromagnetic momentum provides a link also between quantum nonlocal effects and light propagation in moving media. Since light waves in moving media behave as matter waves in nonlocal quantum effects, the ?ow of the medium does a¤ect the phase velocity of light, but not necessarily the momentum of photons. Thus, Fizeau's experiment is not suitable for testing the addition of velocities of special relativity. A crucial, non-interferometric experiment for the speed of photons in moving media, is described.

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Locality and electromagnetic momentum in critical tests of special relativity.\nSpavieri, Gianfranco; Quintero, Jesús; Sánchez, Arturo; Ayazo, José y Gillies, George\n\nAbstract\n\nIn this review of recent tests of special relativity it is shown that the electromagnetic momentum plays a relevant role in various areas of classical and quantum physics. Crucial tests on the locality of Faraday's law for "open" currents, on a modified Trouton-Noble experiment, on nonconservation of mechanical angular momentum, on the force on the magnetic dipole, and on a reciprocal Rowland's experiment are outlined. Electromagnetic momentum provides a link also between quantum nonlocal effects and light propagation in moving media. Since light waves in moving media behave as matter waves in nonlocal quantum effects, the ?ow of the medium does a¤ect the phase velocity of light, but not necessarily the momentum of photons. Thus, Fizeau's experiment is not suitable for testing the addition of velocities of special relativity. A crucial, non-interferometric experiment for the speed of photons in moving media, is described.
Recent experiments on the classic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) setting claim to test the compatibility between nonlocal quantum entanglement and the (special) theory of relativity. Confirmation of quantum theory has led to the interpretation that Einstein's image of physical reality for each photon in the EPR pair cannot be maintained. A detailed critique on two representative experiments is presented following the original EPR notion of local realism. It is argued that relativity does not enter into the picture, however for the Bell-Bohm version of local realism in terms of hidden variables such experiments are significant. Of the two alternatives, namely incompleteness of quantum theory for describing an individual quantum system, and the ensemble view, it is only the former that has been ruled out by the experiments. An alternative approach gives a statistical ensemble interpretation of the observed data, and the significant conclusion that these experiments do not deny physical reality of the photon is obtained. After discussing the need for a photon model, a vortex structure is proposed based on the space-time invariant property-spin, and pure gauge fields. To test the prime role of spin for photons and the angular-momentum interpretation of electromagnetic fields, experimental schemes feasible in modern laboratories are suggested.
The theory of Quantum Electromagnetics presents a wave equation which is constructed, in compliance with Galilean transformations, for electromagnetic and matter waves. A fundamental feature entirely different from the principle of relativity is that the wave equation is referred specifically to the proposed local-ether frame. For electromagnetic wave, the local-ether wave equation accounts for a wide variety of experiments on propagation and interference. For matter wave, the wave equation leads to modifications of Schrodinger’s equation which in turn lead to a unified quantum theory of electromagnetic and gravitational forces in conjunction with the origin and the identity of inertial and gravitational mass. Further, it leads to modifications of the Lorentz force law and of Maxwell’s equations. Moreover, the wave equation leads to the dispersion of matter wave, from which the speed-dependence in the mass of a particle and in the wavelength, angular frequency, and quantum energy of a matter wave can be derived. The consequences of the wave equation are in accord with a wide variety of experiments that are commonly ascribed to the special relativity, the general relativity, the Lorentz mass-variation law, or to the de Broglie matter wave. Thereby, the local-ether wave equation unifies quantum mechanics, electromagnetics, and gravitation.
Special Relativity (SR) is the cornerstone for modern physics and variety of applications. SR is based on two postulates, the principle of relativity (the first postulate) and the principle of constancy of speed of light (the second postulate). Recently we have (1) shown that the light propagate as particles/photons in the "pure" wave experiments, such as in double slit and grating experiments; (2) proposed experiments to measure the speed of the photons by an observer moving relative to the source and thus, to test the second postulate for photons. In this article we propose a classroom experiment to test the second postulate. If the experiments show the existence of interference pattern (the negative result), the constancy of the speed of the photons holds, namely the second postulate of SR is experimentally confirmed. If the experiments show no interference pattern (positive result), then the propagation speed of photons is not constant, namely, the second postulate of SR is disproved. Either negative result or positive results would be profoundly significant.
The classical action (relativistic or nonrelativistic) may be written with v=x/t and x and t varied independently to yield dA/dx partial = p and dA/dt partial = -E. Thus A = -Et+px is a solution. This expression also appears in classical wave forms and in the electromagnetic description of a photon (from Maxwell’s laws). -Et+px is a Lorentz invariant and so is directly linked to special relativity and different frames moving with constant velocity. In (1) we argued that x and t should be treated as independent in A. This suggests that p is a scaling in space and E in time. Thus there should be physical lengths proportional to 1/p and physical time intervals proportional to 1/E. Special relativity considers different frames (moving with constant velocity) and 4-vectors so it seems to be quite different from a scenario with t and x separated and scaling of x by p. We argue that although -Et+px is a Lorentz invariant and as such may be used to find E(v) and p(v), quantum mechanics is usually performed in a special frame, namey one in which V(x) or V(x,v) the potential is at rest. (For electromagnetism one treats (A, phi) as a 4-vector, but this is not the norm.) As a result, energy En found in a rest frame of the potential also represents “rest energy” so En is binding energy which is added to rest mass energy. In other words motion in the rest frame of a potential creates rest energy = rest mass. We argue that V(x) may be written as a sum over k Vk exp(ikx) and so no time related terms appear, only momentum linked ones. Thus momentum is the key feature for the interaction, even though velocity and time are still in the picture (just sometimes not directly in the interaction scheme). For example, a two slit interference or single slit diffraction does not depend on time or speed although these are certainly in the problem. For a bound state v and t are also in the problem as one calculates average kinetic energy using pp/2m = .5 p v which is rate dependent, but there is no acceleration which is a time-dependent phenomenon. Rather one deals with an ensemble of exp(ipx)’s because these interact with the potential in a wavelike manner to create the effect of acceleration. exp(ipx) a momentum wave linked to the scaling of x by p in px is not only involved in an interaction with V(x), but represents extra information from the classical mechanical picture. exp(ipx) for a known rest mass mo means one knows v=x/t=dx/dt, yet there is an extra piece of information namely the phase px which is involved in even “free” interactions such as two idendical particle with different phases arriving at the same x at the same t or the average kinetic energy in a bound state. Velocity v is converted into a momentum expression through p/mo in the norelativistic case and so exp(ipx) governs the whole scenario. Acceleration then becomes a mathematical abstraction of the motion of vrms(x) for any quantum bound energy level with the real physics associated with exp(ipx) being ignored.
A simple covariant derivation of the de Broglie relations breaks down when one considers propagation of light in an anisotropic medium. This breakdown results in two distasteful conclusions. The first is that the de Broglie relations are not completely universal and their covariance is restricted. The second is that wave-particle duality is not universal. In this paper a resolution of these problems is suggested, a resolution which is an extrapolation of ideas of de Broglie and Andrade e Silva. The relations are generalized for propagation in anisotropic media by defining a new phase wave with wave vector l in the direction of energy transport and distinct from the conventional electromagnetic wave. The introduction of l follows the method by which de Broglie associated a wave with an electron. The magnitude of l is omega u/c-squared where omega is the angular frequency and u the velocity of energy transport. The physical meaning of l and the covariance of physical laws in the presence of matter are discussed. An experiment is described which would test the existence of the phase wave associated with the new wave vector l. This experiment is essentially a Young two-slit experiment carried out within an anisotropic crystal. Keywords: Scattering; Anisotropic materials.
Special Relativity (SR) is the cornerstone for modern physics and variety of applications. SR is based on two postulates, the principle of relativity (the first postulate) and the principle of constancy of speed of light (the second postulate). Recently we have (1) shown that the light propagate as particles/photons in the “pure” wave experiments, such as double slit and grating experiments; (2) proposed experiments to measure the speed of the photons by an observer moving relative to the source and thus, to test the second postulate for photons. In this article we propose a classroom experiment to test the second postulate. If the experiments show the existence of interference pattern (the negative result), the constancy of the speed of the photons holds, namely the second postulate of SR is experimentally confirmed. If the experiments show no interference pattern (positive result), then the propagation speed of photons is not constant, namely, the second postulate of SR is disproved. Either negative result or positive results would be profoundly significant.