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Life as an Explanation of the Measurement Problem

Szymon Łukaszyk

Published May 13, 2018• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

No consensus regarding the universal validity of any particular interpretation of the measurement problem has been reached so far. The problem manifests strongly in various Wigner's-friend-type experiments where different observers experience different realities measuring the same quantum system. But only classical information obeys the second law of thermodynamics and can be perceived solely at the holographic screen of the closed orientable two-dimensional manifold implied by Verlinde's and Landauer's mass-information equivalence equations. I conjecture that biological cell, as a dissipative structure, is the smallest agent capable of processing quantum information through its holographic screen and that this mechanism have been extended by natural evolution to endo- and exosemiosis in multicellular organisms, and further to language of Homo sapiens. Any external stimuli must be measured and classified by the cell in the context of classical information to provide it with an evolutionary gain. Quantum information contained in a pure quantum state cannot be classified, while incoherent mixtures of non-orthogonal quantum states are only partially classifiable. The concept of an unobservable velocity, normal to the holographic screen is introduced. It is shown that it enables to derive the Unruh acceleration as acting normal to the screen, as well as to conveniently relate de Broglie and Compton wavelengths. It follows that the perceived universe, is induced by the set of Pythagorean triples, while all its measurable features, including perceived dimensionality, are set to maximise informational diversity.

DOI
10.13140/rg.2.2.24517.91368

Related papers

Life as the Explanation of the Measurement Problem

Szymon Łukaszyk

Abstract This study argues that a biological cell, a dissipative structure, is the smallest agent capable of processing quantum information through its triangulated, holographic sphere of perception, where this mechanism has been extended by natural evolution to endo and exosemiosis in multicellular organisms and further to the language of Homo sapiens. Thus, life explains the measurement problem of quantum theory within the framework of the holographic principle, emergent gravity, and emergent dimensionality. Each Planck triangle on a black hole surface corresponds to a qubit in an equal superposition, attaining known bounds on the products of its energies and orthogonalization interval. Black holes generate entropy variation shells through the solid-angle correspondence. The entropic work introduces the bounds on the number of active Planck triangles dependent on the information capacity of the black hole generator. The velocity and dissipativity bounds and the bounds on the theoretical probabilities for active, energy-carrying Planck triangles were derived. In particular, this study shows that black holes, Turing machines, and viruses cannot assume the role of an observer. The entropy variation shells and black-body objects may hint at solutions to ball lightning and sonoluminescence unexplained physical spherical phenomena. “It is also possible that we learned that the principal problem is no longer the fight with the adversities of nature but the difficulty of understanding ourselves if we want to survive” [1].

arXiv:1805.05774•Journal of Physics Conference Series•Feb 1, 2024•22 citations

Measurement, Decoherence, and Negotiated Reality: The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Planck Core Framework

Wengang Yu

This paper resolves the measurement problem and the problem of intersubjectivity—two foundational puzzles of quantum mechanics—within the Planck Core Framework, without requiring any additional postulates beyond the three axioms of the framework. I prove that measurement is not a mysterious non-unitary "collapse" of the wavefunction, but a unitary process of entanglement establishment between subsystems of the quantum bit network. The apparent collapse arises from the observer's limited access to the full entanglement structure: what we perceive as a definite measurement outcome is simply our location within a specific entanglement branch. The Born rule is derived, not postulated—the probability of an outcome is proportional to the number of entanglement threads in the corresponding branch. The Wigner's friend paradox is resolved by proving that different observers may occupy different branches, but their descriptions converge when they exchange information via entanglement. I further introduce the concept of the "information eye"—a hypothetical direct entanglement sensor—and prove that any macroscopic biological organism operating at biological temperatures will inevitably perceive a decohered, classicalised representation of reality, not the underlying quantum information network itself. The classical appearance of the macroscopic world is thus derived as a contingent consequence of thermodynamic constraints on biological evolution, not a fundamental feature of reality. This work completes the derivation of quantum mechanics from the Planck Core Framework, establishing that no special measurement postulate is required.

•May 3, 2026•0 citations

Internal Quantum Measurements and the Growth of Information

Abir U. Igamberdiev

Introduction In the processes of adaptation, development and evolution, living systems interpret themselves in the environment resulting in changes of both. This leads to the growth of information via rescaling of internal time (heterochrony) followed by spatial reconstructions of morphology (heterotopy). The growth of information is based on perpetual changes in its interpretation in the changing world. Biological evolution involves the anticipatory epigenetic changes in interpretation of the genetic information which cannot be generally forecasted but can provide canalization of structural changes defined by the existing organization leading to predictable patterns of form generation. Social evolution is accompanied by unprecedented growth of the informational field that leads to progressive development of human society. In modern theoretical biology, the internal measurement concept was suggested as a background for explanation of the phenomenon of life (Matsuno, 1995). The quantum measurement represents the action of a measuring device on the measured system. The quantum measurement is an irreversible phenomenon exhibiting itself as a reduction of the potential field. It has also a relation to the irreversibility of time (Igamberdiev, 1993). The collapse of wave function is not equivalent to time until it does not generate a measurable duration, but when its pattern is repeated consistently, the clock can be set, and the system becomes organized in time. When the measuring device is a part of measured system, the measurement proceeds internally in relation to the whole system and the latter becomes more complex as a result of measurement itself. The aim of this study is to discuss the role of internal measurement in the growth of information in evolving systems. This can refer to biological evolution, social evolution, and as well to the cosmic evolution, which is represented in the phenomenon of expansion of the Universe. Internal Measurement and the Generation of New Information The internal measurement leads to an iterative recursive process which appears as the development and evolution of the combined system containing the measuring device and the measured object. The quantum measuring device can be organized in such way that it “encodes” the system in the course of interaction with the measured object, and makes it possible for the measurement to proceed in a regular way. In this case, such system can memorize the evolutionary complication of organization in a digital information-bearing subsystem and evolve further; in other words it contains an internal description memorizing the result of measurement. The logical precondition of the growth of information in this evolving process is the incompleteness of biosystem’s internal description, while the physical precondition is the uncertainty of quantum measurement. The evolutionary increase of complexity becomes possible when genotype appears as a system distinct from phenotype and is embedded into it, which separates energy-degenerate rate-independent genetic symbols from the rate-dependent dynamics of construction that they control (Pattee, 2001). Evolutionary growth of information becomes its own cause, a universal property of our world. The growth of information accompanies the appearance of measurable time that occurs in the systems performing quantum measurements in a regular way, with low dissipation of energy (Igamberdiev, 1993, 2004). These systems are modelled as hypercycles and can be defined as structures in which the subset of a substrate set of the catalytic system happens to be the matrix for generating and reproducing the set of catalysts itself (Igamberdiev, 1999). This definition keeps the main features of the original notion of hypercycle given by Eigen and Schuster (1979). The hypercyclic system is closed in the way that all of the catalysts needed for an organism to stay alive (representing an efficient causation according to Aristotle and forming organism’s spatiotemporal structure) must be produced by the organism itself, only relying on matter and energy from the outside (Letelier et al., 2011). When hypercycles appear in evolution, time becomes an independent measurable variable due to the internal reproducible changes. Hypercycle organizes irreversibility of quantum measurement into a measurable duration. Eigen’s hypercycle is a formalized representation of the autopoietic system of Maturana and Varela or Rosen’s (M,R) system (Leteiler et al., 2011). The system becomes an internal autonomous clock that distinguishes the past (memory), the present (life), and the future (anticipation based on the reproducible model), so the modeling, logic and digital information growth become possible within the system (Rosen, 1985). The hypercycle having own embedded description, becomes a structure that realizes computation in accordance with its internal logic defined by the embedded description. The latter has the property of incompleteness which is reflected in the fact that quantum correlations of the states of the system are associated with undecidable logic theories, i.e., they can potentially generate the statements not defined within the system. The undecidability can be interpreted in the sense similar to the Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, meaning that there exist propositions, expressible in the formal logic, which cannot be proven or disproven (Briegel et al., 2009). These propositions become the grounds of expansion of the system and its informational growth. From the quantum mechanical point of view, the emergence of a new statement results in acquiring a new error-correction meaning to support the internal quantum state (IQS) (Igamberdiev, 2004, 2007). The IQS keeps the system organizationally invariant. It is supported by the set of error-correcting commands that aim to keep IQS free from external demolitions. The error-correction information becomes an important part of the whole informational field. A new statement makes the system more complex (it leads to an increase of its informational content), with its all spatiotemporal organizational invariance be rescaled. In the course of evolution, an available element of a formal system (similarly to a word when used as a metaphor) can acquire another (in addition to already existing) value that contributes to formation of a new level of organization in the system. The logical basis of this action is the incompleteness of the existing formal system that allows assigning arbitrary values to the statements non-provable within that system, while the physical basis is the quantum uncertainty arising in quantum measurement. A new statement can arise from existing elements by acquiring the double function, however, for fixation of this new statement via expansion of existing formal system, some informational redundancy of the system is needed, which can be achieved by multiplication of some of its elements. Genome is a system which possesses an internal complementarity between the linear texts and their superposition. Relevantly to this, complementarity means that text and hypertext cannot be viewed at the same moment: they should be separated by a time interval. It is an example of uncertainty between the system and its embedding. Overlapping genes, alternatively splicing sequences, RNA and DNA editing, introns, and recombination according to molecular addresses are the features of this hypertext generating a potentially infinite number of language games. Genome as a complete language exists as a complementary set of its alternative combinations resulting in logical paradoxes which determine its temporal dynamics (Isalan, 2009). This superposition is a basis for ontogenesis, adaptation and evolution. Thus, the total “true” genome is a superposition of contradictory arrangements, which generate one single arrangement at a concrete moment of time. The pool of mobile genetic elements expands the combinatorial capacity of the genome by many times. An ambiguity in meaning is analogous to the quantum uncertainty principle in which it is impossible to define strictly the position and impulse of a particle simultaneously, or to fix certain energy in a very short period of time necessary for its registration. The question of a minimal size of the autocatalytic self-reproducing system and its composition has been discussed in several works (Sharov, 2009; Steel et al., 2013). Self-reproduction itself is a creative process of placing text in text with following self-growing of this joint structure. Any evolutionary change also begins from the placing of “text into text”. This is possible because genome is structurally adapted for realization of such a non-trivial function. Moreover, even a point mutation or deletion may be considered as generative if it is placed in the repeated (e.g., diploid) structure. The doubling is a premise of metasystem transition, which includes duplication of the original system and the establishment of control over multiple copies (Turchin, 1977). The evolutionary significance of gene duplication was considered by Ohno (1970) as a premise of neofunctionalization. The advantage of sexual reproduction is in the casual combinatorial generating of new statements from two separate texts that can acquire meanings, thus it resists evolutionary degradation. It becomes a prerequisite for growing of information and complexity (Igamberdiev, 2014). The combinatorial interaction of heterochronic texts generates a new system in which the internal time is rescaled in a new way that generally cannot be forecasted. The heterochronic duplication (via hybridization of temporally different organisms) generates more possibilities for the metasystem transition. Thus, the incompleteness of embedded set of symbols is the formal cause of evolution. The physical representation of this incompleteness is a quantum uncertainty in the course of measurement (Matsuno, 1992). It spans from the level of elementary particles to biological evolution and to the phenomenon of free will and consciousness. Growth of Information in the Expanding Universe The growth of information that we discuss here mainly in relation to biological evolution is relevant also to the physical space-time scales. The self-growing principle of quantum measurement has a property of intrinsic expansion of the informational field. The relationship between observable nature and a hidden “potential” nature is modeled, according to Kineman (2010), as an imaginary space-time domain geometrically represented as radial “Minkowski-space”. Despite of the fact that local space and time are normally represented as real numbers, the general relationship in this geometry is hyperbolic in accordance with the special theory of relativity. When mapped as a radial geometry, the space-time is seen to be intrinsically dynamic (expanding) and self-similar across all scales. The geometry has the properties of early and present acceleration. This representation eliminates the “light cone” and thus all regions in this model are the domains of existence and are observable over time. Nevertheless a domain of general, non-local reality is represented in the imaginary axes that exist simultaneously with measurable, local domains. The Universe in the concept of Kineman (2010) consists of the units called “holons”, which vaguely correspond to Leibniz’s monads. They possess simultaneous properties of location and non-location, as a point of non-differentiated whole appearing in a subject-object relation. The Everett’s interpretation of quantum mechanics works in these isolated domains but not between the domains, the same idea has been suggested by Matsuno (2012) for the individual biological systems taken as separate domains. The reality of superposition of the wave function is limited by the single monad and does not expand outside it, and in this sense monads do not have windows as originally proposed by Leibniz. Conclusion The growth of information is the basic property of evolving systems and it follows from the interaction between non-local and local domains in the course of internal quantum measurements. The internal measurement leads to an iterative recursive process which appears as evolution of the combined system containing the measuring device and the measured object. The system through measurement acquires the property of expansion, which is seen in biological evolution, social development, and at cosmic scales as expansion of the Universe. References Briegel, H.J.; Browne, D.E.; Dur, W.; Raussendorf, R.; Van den Nest, M. Measurement-based quantum computation. Nature Physics 2009, 5, 19-26. Eigen, M.; Schuster, P. The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization. Springer, Berlin, 1979. Igamberdiev, A.U. Quantum mechanical properties of biosystems: A framework for complexity, structural stability and transformations. Biosystems 1993, 31, 65‐ Igamberdiev, A.U. Foundations of metabolic organization: coherence as a basis of computational properties in metabolic networks. Biosystems 1999, 50, 1-16. Igamberdiev, A.U. Quantum computation, non-demolition measurements, and reflective control in living systems. Biosystems 2004, 77, 47–56. Igamberdiev, A.U. Physical limits of computation and emergence of life. Biosystems 2007, 90, 340–349. Igamberdiev, A.U. Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution. Biosystems 2014, 123, 19-26. Isalan, M. Gene networks and liar paradoxes. Bioessays 2009, 31, 1110-1115. Letelier, J.C.; Cárdenas, M.L.; Cornish-Bowden, A. From L'Homme Machine to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2011, 286, 100-113. Matsuno, K. The uncertainty principle as an evolutionary engine. Biosystems 1991, 27, 63-76. Matsuno, K. Quantum and biological computation. Biosystems 1995, 35, 209-212. Matsuno, K. Chemical evolution as a concrete scheme for naturalizing the relative-state of quantum mechanics. Biosystems 2012, 109, 159-168. Kineman, J.J. Relational self-similar space-time cosmology revisited. Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the International Society for System Sciences. Waterloo, Canada, 2010. Ohno, S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. Springer, New York, 1970. Pattee, H.H. The physics of symbols: bridging the epistemic cut. Biosystems 2001, 60, 5-21. Sharov, A.A., 2009. Coenzyme autocatalytic network on the surface of oil microspheres as a model for the origin of life. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2009, 10, 1838-1852. Steel, M.; Hordijk, W.; Smith, J. Minimal autocatalytic networks. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2013, 332, 96-107. Turchin, V. Phenomenon of Science. Columbia University Press, New York, 1977.

ISIS Summit: The Information Society at the Crossroads•Jun 23, 2015•0 citations

Measurement Problem & the True Nature of the Observer

James P. Kowall

The measurement problem of quantum theory remains unresolved in terms of how the quantum state of the physical world can be reduced to an observed state of the world. In the conventional formulation of quantum theory, the quantum state of the physical world is understood as an unobserved state of potentiality or a quantum wavefunction that must collapse into an observed state of actuality for the physical world to actually be observed. The unresolved issue of the quantum measurement problem is about the true nature of the observer. This question about the true nature of the observer explodes when we understand the quantum state of the physical world in terms of the holographic principle of quantum gravity, which tells us the fundamental nature of the physical world is quantized bits of information, called qubits, encoded on a holographic screen. The holographic screen in turn can be understood as an event horizon that arises in an observer's accelerated frame of reference. This way of understanding the holographic principle can be understood in terms of matrix models that utilize non-commutative geometry. The holographic principle understood in the context of an observer in an accelerated frame of reference has something important to tell us about the true nature of the observer, which is that every observer is at the center of its own holographic screen that defines its own observable holographic world.

Scientific GOD Journal•Apr 1, 2021•0 citations

Measurement, Decoherence, and Negotiated Reality: The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Planck Core Framework

Wengang Yu

This paper has been updated by https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20279031 This paper resolves the measurement problem and the problem of intersubjectivity—two foundational puzzles of quantum mechanics—within the Planck Core Framework, without requiring any additional postulates beyond the three axioms of the framework. I prove that measurement is not a mysterious non-unitary "collapse" of the wavefunction, but a unitary process of entanglement establishment between subsystems of the quantum bit network. The apparent collapse arises from the observer's limited access to the full entanglement structure: what we perceive as a definite measurement outcome is simply our location within a specific entanglement branch. The Born rule is derived, not postulated—the probability of an outcome is proportional to the number of entanglement threads in the corresponding branch. The Wigner's friend paradox is resolved by proving that different observers may occupy different branches, but their descriptions converge when they exchange information via entanglement. I further introduce the concept of the "information eye"—a hypothetical direct entanglement sensor—and prove that any macroscopic biological organism operating at biological temperatures will inevitably perceive a decohered, classicalised representation of reality, not the underlying quantum information network itself. The classical appearance of the macroscopic world is thus derived as a contingent consequence of thermodynamic constraints on biological evolution, not a fundamental feature of reality. This work completes the derivation of quantum mechanics from the Planck Core Framework, establishing that no special measurement postulate is required.

•May 3, 2026•0 citations

On the Origin of Reality: How We Create Our Own World

Peter Verheyen

Consider the following: A scientist studying atoms, is a group of atoms studying themselves. A strange way of looking at reality. To understand, we have to travel through the world of the infinitesimal, governed by rules and laws, different from the ones we know from our classical world. We have to enter the world of information. Max Born created the measurement problem with his statistical interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave-function: the strange connection between the collapse of a quantum mechanical wavefunction and measurement, observation, interaction with the environment, with projection into a single concrete reality in a classical world. Where a measurement or observation creates the relevant past history, John Wheeler’s eye. The universe urges for an increase in entropy and information processing. This increase makes the universe a bustling place where life such as ours can arise. The biochemistry of all life we know, has an essential basic property as the sole islands in the known universe succeeding in keeping its own entropy low: life is capable of violating the second law of thermodynamics. Life manages to prevent equally distribution of matter and energy in which case all biochemical processes stop and life ends. Growing old and dying, for every solely living thing on Earth, means being not able anymore to keep its entropy low, leading to a malfunction in the biochemical machinery, failing fundamental processes, wear and ultimately death. Keeping its entropy low, is a basic property of life. Entropy describes a system on a microscopic level and is closely related to information, the Shannon entropy, combined to as Infotropy. They are 2 parts of the same coin, closely connected with the statistics governing the rules of the universe. An average human body contains about 7 octillion (a 7 with 27 zeros) atoms and they all ‘know’ exactly what to do and how to interact. Hidden webs of information guide the atoms and molecules in their biochemical reactions, while obeying the strange laws of quantum physics: every chemical and biochemical reaction depends on the interplay of electrons. This all is guided by communication between and information streams and exchange in the subsystems of the cellular machinery. The universe produced brains, so why can’t the universe itself be a giant super brain. All we call real is made up out of things which cannot be considered as real. Our senses are biochemical measuring instruments in our interaction with the environment. They don’t serve to reveal us reality but to help us to survive. Their information is interpreted in the brain as a ‘reality vital to life.’ The brain holds a mask in front of reality behind which the real world, the world of information and quanta lies concealed. The qubits, the quantum information that makes up the universe, do not signify anything concrete, but are transformed by biochemical projection and neural interpretation into apparent reality, as electrical circuits and software do in creating a 3D virtual reality. The deepest layer of reality consists out of information. Information is the building block of the universe, although a qubit is not a physical object but contains information about the physical object. Information is real and has to obey physical laws. Consciousness, emerging from the exchange of information via chemical and electrical signals, allowing life to have a notion or awareness of its environment, is the appearance of a world trough biochemical information projection and neural interpretation. The brain, the most complex piece of matter in the known universe, creates reality. Which brings us to the question: How can we possibly know what there is out there, if we ourselves, are locked up in complete darkness in a small box. Graphical Abstract: Saldesign.

Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International)•Sep 29, 2023•0 citations
No consensus regarding the universal validity of any particular interpretation of the measurement problem has been reached so far. The problem manifests strongly in various Wigner's-friend-type experiments where different observers experience different realities measuring the same quantum system. But only classical information obeys the second law of thermodynamics and can be perceived solely at the holographic screen of the closed orientable two-dimensional manifold implied by Verlinde's and Landauer's mass-information equivalence equations. I conjecture that biological cell, as a dissipative structure, is the smallest agent capable of processing quantum information through its holographic screen and that this mechanism have been extended by natural evolution to endo- and exosemiosis in multicellular organisms, and further to language of Homo sapiens. Any external stimuli must be measured and classified by the cell in the context of classical information to provide it with an evolutionary gain. Quantum information contained in a pure quantum state cannot be classified, while incoherent mixtures of non-orthogonal quantum states are only partially classifiable. The concept of an unobservable velocity, normal to the holographic screen is introduced. It is shown that it enables to derive the Unruh acceleration as acting normal to the screen, as well as to conveniently relate de Broglie and Compton wavelengths. It follows that the perceived universe, is induced by the set of Pythagorean triples, while all its measurable features, including perceived dimensionality, are set to maximise informational diversity.
Abstract This study argues that a biological cell, a dissipative structure, is the smallest agent capable of processing quantum information through its triangulated, holographic sphere of perception, where this mechanism has been extended by natural evolution to endo and exosemiosis in multicellular organisms and further to the language of Homo sapiens. Thus, life explains the measurement problem of quantum theory within the framework of the holographic principle, emergent gravity, and emergent dimensionality. Each Planck triangle on a black hole surface corresponds to a qubit in an equal superposition, attaining known bounds on the products of its energies and orthogonalization interval. Black holes generate entropy variation shells through the solid-angle correspondence. The entropic work introduces the bounds on the number of active Planck triangles dependent on the information capacity of the black hole generator. The velocity and dissipativity bounds and the bounds on the theoretical probabilities for active, energy-carrying Planck triangles were derived. In particular, this study shows that black holes, Turing machines, and viruses cannot assume the role of an observer. The entropy variation shells and black-body objects may hint at solutions to ball lightning and sonoluminescence unexplained physical spherical phenomena. “It is also possible that we learned that the principal problem is no longer the fight with the adversities of nature but the difficulty of understanding ourselves if we want to survive” [1].
This paper resolves the measurement problem and the problem of intersubjectivity—two foundational puzzles of quantum mechanics—within the Planck Core Framework, without requiring any additional postulates beyond the three axioms of the framework. I prove that measurement is not a mysterious non-unitary "collapse" of the wavefunction, but a unitary process of entanglement establishment between subsystems of the quantum bit network. The apparent collapse arises from the observer's limited access to the full entanglement structure: what we perceive as a definite measurement outcome is simply our location within a specific entanglement branch. The Born rule is derived, not postulated—the probability of an outcome is proportional to the number of entanglement threads in the corresponding branch. The Wigner's friend paradox is resolved by proving that different observers may occupy different branches, but their descriptions converge when they exchange information via entanglement. I further introduce the concept of the "information eye"—a hypothetical direct entanglement sensor—and prove that any macroscopic biological organism operating at biological temperatures will inevitably perceive a decohered, classicalised representation of reality, not the underlying quantum information network itself. The classical appearance of the macroscopic world is thus derived as a contingent consequence of thermodynamic constraints on biological evolution, not a fundamental feature of reality. This work completes the derivation of quantum mechanics from the Planck Core Framework, establishing that no special measurement postulate is required.
Introduction In the processes of adaptation, development and evolution, living systems interpret themselves in the environment resulting in changes of both. This leads to the growth of information via rescaling of internal time (heterochrony) followed by spatial reconstructions of morphology (heterotopy). The growth of information is based on perpetual changes in its interpretation in the changing world. Biological evolution involves the anticipatory epigenetic changes in interpretation of the genetic information which cannot be generally forecasted but can provide canalization of structural changes defined by the existing organization leading to predictable patterns of form generation. Social evolution is accompanied by unprecedented growth of the informational field that leads to progressive development of human society. In modern theoretical biology, the internal measurement concept was suggested as a background for explanation of the phenomenon of life (Matsuno, 1995). The quantum measurement represents the action of a measuring device on the measured system. The quantum measurement is an irreversible phenomenon exhibiting itself as a reduction of the potential field. It has also a relation to the irreversibility of time (Igamberdiev, 1993). The collapse of wave function is not equivalent to time until it does not generate a measurable duration, but when its pattern is repeated consistently, the clock can be set, and the system becomes organized in time. When the measuring device is a part of measured system, the measurement proceeds internally in relation to the whole system and the latter becomes more complex as a result of measurement itself. The aim of this study is to discuss the role of internal measurement in the growth of information in evolving systems. This can refer to biological evolution, social evolution, and as well to the cosmic evolution, which is represented in the phenomenon of expansion of the Universe. Internal Measurement and the Generation of New Information The internal measurement leads to an iterative recursive process which appears as the development and evolution of the combined system containing the measuring device and the measured object. The quantum measuring device can be organized in such way that it “encodes” the system in the course of interaction with the measured object, and makes it possible for the measurement to proceed in a regular way. In this case, such system can memorize the evolutionary complication of organization in a digital information-bearing subsystem and evolve further; in other words it contains an internal description memorizing the result of measurement. The logical precondition of the growth of information in this evolving process is the incompleteness of biosystem’s internal description, while the physical precondition is the uncertainty of quantum measurement. The evolutionary increase of complexity becomes possible when genotype appears as a system distinct from phenotype and is embedded into it, which separates energy-degenerate rate-independent genetic symbols from the rate-dependent dynamics of construction that they control (Pattee, 2001). Evolutionary growth of information becomes its own cause, a universal property of our world. The growth of information accompanies the appearance of measurable time that occurs in the systems performing quantum measurements in a regular way, with low dissipation of energy (Igamberdiev, 1993, 2004). These systems are modelled as hypercycles and can be defined as structures in which the subset of a substrate set of the catalytic system happens to be the matrix for generating and reproducing the set of catalysts itself (Igamberdiev, 1999). This definition keeps the main features of the original notion of hypercycle given by Eigen and Schuster (1979). The hypercyclic system is closed in the way that all of the catalysts needed for an organism to stay alive (representing an efficient causation according to Aristotle and forming organism’s spatiotemporal structure) must be produced by the organism itself, only relying on matter and energy from the outside (Letelier et al., 2011). When hypercycles appear in evolution, time becomes an independent measurable variable due to the internal reproducible changes. Hypercycle organizes irreversibility of quantum measurement into a measurable duration. Eigen’s hypercycle is a formalized representation of the autopoietic system of Maturana and Varela or Rosen’s (M,R) system (Leteiler et al., 2011). The system becomes an internal autonomous clock that distinguishes the past (memory), the present (life), and the future (anticipation based on the reproducible model), so the modeling, logic and digital information growth become possible within the system (Rosen, 1985). The hypercycle having own embedded description, becomes a structure that realizes computation in accordance with its internal logic defined by the embedded description. The latter has the property of incompleteness which is reflected in the fact that quantum correlations of the states of the system are associated with undecidable logic theories, i.e., they can potentially generate the statements not defined within the system. The undecidability can be interpreted in the sense similar to the Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, meaning that there exist propositions, expressible in the formal logic, which cannot be proven or disproven (Briegel et al., 2009). These propositions become the grounds of expansion of the system and its informational growth. From the quantum mechanical point of view, the emergence of a new statement results in acquiring a new error-correction meaning to support the internal quantum state (IQS) (Igamberdiev, 2004, 2007). The IQS keeps the system organizationally invariant. It is supported by the set of error-correcting commands that aim to keep IQS free from external demolitions. The error-correction information becomes an important part of the whole informational field. A new statement makes the system more complex (it leads to an increase of its informational content), with its all spatiotemporal organizational invariance be rescaled. In the course of evolution, an available element of a formal system (similarly to a word when used as a metaphor) can acquire another (in addition to already existing) value that contributes to formation of a new level of organization in the system. The logical basis of this action is the incompleteness of the existing formal system that allows assigning arbitrary values to the statements non-provable within that system, while the physical basis is the quantum uncertainty arising in quantum measurement. A new statement can arise from existing elements by acquiring the double function, however, for fixation of this new statement via expansion of existing formal system, some informational redundancy of the system is needed, which can be achieved by multiplication of some of its elements. Genome is a system which possesses an internal complementarity between the linear texts and their superposition. Relevantly to this, complementarity means that text and hypertext cannot be viewed at the same moment: they should be separated by a time interval. It is an example of uncertainty between the system and its embedding. Overlapping genes, alternatively splicing sequences, RNA and DNA editing, introns, and recombination according to molecular addresses are the features of this hypertext generating a potentially infinite number of language games. Genome as a complete language exists as a complementary set of its alternative combinations resulting in logical paradoxes which determine its temporal dynamics (Isalan, 2009). This superposition is a basis for ontogenesis, adaptation and evolution. Thus, the total “true” genome is a superposition of contradictory arrangements, which generate one single arrangement at a concrete moment of time. The pool of mobile genetic elements expands the combinatorial capacity of the genome by many times. An ambiguity in meaning is analogous to the quantum uncertainty principle in which it is impossible to define strictly the position and impulse of a particle simultaneously, or to fix certain energy in a very short period of time necessary for its registration. The question of a minimal size of the autocatalytic self-reproducing system and its composition has been discussed in several works (Sharov, 2009; Steel et al., 2013). Self-reproduction itself is a creative process of placing text in text with following self-growing of this joint structure. Any evolutionary change also begins from the placing of “text into text”. This is possible because genome is structurally adapted for realization of such a non-trivial function. Moreover, even a point mutation or deletion may be considered as generative if it is placed in the repeated (e.g., diploid) structure. The doubling is a premise of metasystem transition, which includes duplication of the original system and the establishment of control over multiple copies (Turchin, 1977). The evolutionary significance of gene duplication was considered by Ohno (1970) as a premise of neofunctionalization. The advantage of sexual reproduction is in the casual combinatorial generating of new statements from two separate texts that can acquire meanings, thus it resists evolutionary degradation. It becomes a prerequisite for growing of information and complexity (Igamberdiev, 2014). The combinatorial interaction of heterochronic texts generates a new system in which the internal time is rescaled in a new way that generally cannot be forecasted. The heterochronic duplication (via hybridization of temporally different organisms) generates more possibilities for the metasystem transition. Thus, the incompleteness of embedded set of symbols is the formal cause of evolution. The physical representation of this incompleteness is a quantum uncertainty in the course of measurement (Matsuno, 1992). It spans from the level of elementary particles to biological evolution and to the phenomenon of free will and consciousness. Growth of Information in the Expanding Universe The growth of information that we discuss here mainly in relation to biological evolution is relevant also to the physical space-time scales. The self-growing principle of quantum measurement has a property of intrinsic expansion of the informational field. The relationship between observable nature and a hidden “potential” nature is modeled, according to Kineman (2010), as an imaginary space-time domain geometrically represented as radial “Minkowski-space”. Despite of the fact that local space and time are normally represented as real numbers, the general relationship in this geometry is hyperbolic in accordance with the special theory of relativity. When mapped as a radial geometry, the space-time is seen to be intrinsically dynamic (expanding) and self-similar across all scales. The geometry has the properties of early and present acceleration. This representation eliminates the “light cone” and thus all regions in this model are the domains of existence and are observable over time. Nevertheless a domain of general, non-local reality is represented in the imaginary axes that exist simultaneously with measurable, local domains. The Universe in the concept of Kineman (2010) consists of the units called “holons”, which vaguely correspond to Leibniz’s monads. They possess simultaneous properties of location and non-location, as a point of non-differentiated whole appearing in a subject-object relation. The Everett’s interpretation of quantum mechanics works in these isolated domains but not between the domains, the same idea has been suggested by Matsuno (2012) for the individual biological systems taken as separate domains. The reality of superposition of the wave function is limited by the single monad and does not expand outside it, and in this sense monads do not have windows as originally proposed by Leibniz. Conclusion The growth of information is the basic property of evolving systems and it follows from the interaction between non-local and local domains in the course of internal quantum measurements. The internal measurement leads to an iterative recursive process which appears as evolution of the combined system containing the measuring device and the measured object. The system through measurement acquires the property of expansion, which is seen in biological evolution, social development, and at cosmic scales as expansion of the Universe. References Briegel, H.J.; Browne, D.E.; Dur, W.; Raussendorf, R.; Van den Nest, M. Measurement-based quantum computation. Nature Physics 2009, 5, 19-26. Eigen, M.; Schuster, P. The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization. Springer, Berlin, 1979. Igamberdiev, A.U. Quantum mechanical properties of biosystems: A framework for complexity, structural stability and transformations. Biosystems 1993, 31, 65‐ Igamberdiev, A.U. Foundations of metabolic organization: coherence as a basis of computational properties in metabolic networks. Biosystems 1999, 50, 1-16. Igamberdiev, A.U. Quantum computation, non-demolition measurements, and reflective control in living systems. Biosystems 2004, 77, 47–56. Igamberdiev, A.U. Physical limits of computation and emergence of life. Biosystems 2007, 90, 340–349. Igamberdiev, A.U. Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution. Biosystems 2014, 123, 19-26. Isalan, M. Gene networks and liar paradoxes. Bioessays 2009, 31, 1110-1115. Letelier, J.C.; Cárdenas, M.L.; Cornish-Bowden, A. From L'Homme Machine to metabolic closure: steps towards understanding life. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2011, 286, 100-113. Matsuno, K. The uncertainty principle as an evolutionary engine. Biosystems 1991, 27, 63-76. Matsuno, K. Quantum and biological computation. Biosystems 1995, 35, 209-212. Matsuno, K. Chemical evolution as a concrete scheme for naturalizing the relative-state of quantum mechanics. Biosystems 2012, 109, 159-168. Kineman, J.J. Relational self-similar space-time cosmology revisited. Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the International Society for System Sciences. Waterloo, Canada, 2010. Ohno, S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. Springer, New York, 1970. Pattee, H.H. The physics of symbols: bridging the epistemic cut. Biosystems 2001, 60, 5-21. Sharov, A.A., 2009. Coenzyme autocatalytic network on the surface of oil microspheres as a model for the origin of life. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2009, 10, 1838-1852. Steel, M.; Hordijk, W.; Smith, J. Minimal autocatalytic networks. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2013, 332, 96-107. Turchin, V. Phenomenon of Science. Columbia University Press, New York, 1977.
The measurement problem of quantum theory remains unresolved in terms of how the quantum state of the physical world can be reduced to an observed state of the world. In the conventional formulation of quantum theory, the quantum state of the physical world is understood as an unobserved state of potentiality or a quantum wavefunction that must collapse into an observed state of actuality for the physical world to actually be observed. The unresolved issue of the quantum measurement problem is about the true nature of the observer. This question about the true nature of the observer explodes when we understand the quantum state of the physical world in terms of the holographic principle of quantum gravity, which tells us the fundamental nature of the physical world is quantized bits of information, called qubits, encoded on a holographic screen. The holographic screen in turn can be understood as an event horizon that arises in an observer's accelerated frame of reference. This way of understanding the holographic principle can be understood in terms of matrix models that utilize non-commutative geometry. The holographic principle understood in the context of an observer in an accelerated frame of reference has something important to tell us about the true nature of the observer, which is that every observer is at the center of its own holographic screen that defines its own observable holographic world.
This paper has been updated by https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20279031 This paper resolves the measurement problem and the problem of intersubjectivity—two foundational puzzles of quantum mechanics—within the Planck Core Framework, without requiring any additional postulates beyond the three axioms of the framework. I prove that measurement is not a mysterious non-unitary "collapse" of the wavefunction, but a unitary process of entanglement establishment between subsystems of the quantum bit network. The apparent collapse arises from the observer's limited access to the full entanglement structure: what we perceive as a definite measurement outcome is simply our location within a specific entanglement branch. The Born rule is derived, not postulated—the probability of an outcome is proportional to the number of entanglement threads in the corresponding branch. The Wigner's friend paradox is resolved by proving that different observers may occupy different branches, but their descriptions converge when they exchange information via entanglement. I further introduce the concept of the "information eye"—a hypothetical direct entanglement sensor—and prove that any macroscopic biological organism operating at biological temperatures will inevitably perceive a decohered, classicalised representation of reality, not the underlying quantum information network itself. The classical appearance of the macroscopic world is thus derived as a contingent consequence of thermodynamic constraints on biological evolution, not a fundamental feature of reality. This work completes the derivation of quantum mechanics from the Planck Core Framework, establishing that no special measurement postulate is required.
Consider the following: A scientist studying atoms, is a group of atoms studying themselves. A strange way of looking at reality. To understand, we have to travel through the world of the infinitesimal, governed by rules and laws, different from the ones we know from our classical world. We have to enter the world of information. Max Born created the measurement problem with his statistical interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave-function: the strange connection between the collapse of a quantum mechanical wavefunction and measurement, observation, interaction with the environment, with projection into a single concrete reality in a classical world. Where a measurement or observation creates the relevant past history, John Wheeler’s eye. The universe urges for an increase in entropy and information processing. This increase makes the universe a bustling place where life such as ours can arise. The biochemistry of all life we know, has an essential basic property as the sole islands in the known universe succeeding in keeping its own entropy low: life is capable of violating the second law of thermodynamics. Life manages to prevent equally distribution of matter and energy in which case all biochemical processes stop and life ends. Growing old and dying, for every solely living thing on Earth, means being not able anymore to keep its entropy low, leading to a malfunction in the biochemical machinery, failing fundamental processes, wear and ultimately death. Keeping its entropy low, is a basic property of life. Entropy describes a system on a microscopic level and is closely related to information, the Shannon entropy, combined to as Infotropy. They are 2 parts of the same coin, closely connected with the statistics governing the rules of the universe. An average human body contains about 7 octillion (a 7 with 27 zeros) atoms and they all ‘know’ exactly what to do and how to interact. Hidden webs of information guide the atoms and molecules in their biochemical reactions, while obeying the strange laws of quantum physics: every chemical and biochemical reaction depends on the interplay of electrons. This all is guided by communication between and information streams and exchange in the subsystems of the cellular machinery. The universe produced brains, so why can’t the universe itself be a giant super brain. All we call real is made up out of things which cannot be considered as real. Our senses are biochemical measuring instruments in our interaction with the environment. They don’t serve to reveal us reality but to help us to survive. Their information is interpreted in the brain as a ‘reality vital to life.’ The brain holds a mask in front of reality behind which the real world, the world of information and quanta lies concealed. The qubits, the quantum information that makes up the universe, do not signify anything concrete, but are transformed by biochemical projection and neural interpretation into apparent reality, as electrical circuits and software do in creating a 3D virtual reality. The deepest layer of reality consists out of information. Information is the building block of the universe, although a qubit is not a physical object but contains information about the physical object. Information is real and has to obey physical laws. Consciousness, emerging from the exchange of information via chemical and electrical signals, allowing life to have a notion or awareness of its environment, is the appearance of a world trough biochemical information projection and neural interpretation. The brain, the most complex piece of matter in the known universe, creates reality. Which brings us to the question: How can we possibly know what there is out there, if we ourselves, are locked up in complete darkness in a small box. Graphical Abstract: Saldesign.