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Emergence of Quantum Mechanics from Non-Locality Swapping

Paul Skrzypczyk, Nicolas Brunner, Sandu Popescu

Published Nov 18, 2008• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

By studying generalized non-signalling theories, the hope is to find out what makes quantum mechanics so special. In the present paper, we revisit the paradigmatic model of non-signalling boxes and introduce the concept of a genuine box. This will allow us to present the first generalized non-signalling model featuring quantum-like dynamics. In particular, we present the coupler, a device enabling non-locality swapping, the analogue of quantum entanglement swapping, as well as teleportation. Remarkably, part of the boundary between quantum and post-quantum correlations emerges in our study.

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By studying generalized nonsignaling theories, the hope is to find out what makes quantum mechanics so special. In the present Letter, we revisit the paradigmatic model of nonsignaling boxes and introduce the concept of a genuine box. This will allow us to present the first generalized nonsignaling model featuring quantumlike dynamics. In particular, we present the coupler, a device enabling nonlocality swapping, the analogue of quantum entanglement swapping, as well as teleportation. Remarkably, part of the boundary between quantum and post-quantum correlations emerges in our study.

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We consider an analogue of entanglement-swapping for a set of black boxes with the most general non-local correlations consistent with relativity (including correlations which are stronger than any attainable in quantum theory). In an attempt to incorporate this phenomenon, we consider expanding the space of objects to include not only correlated boxes, but `couplers', which are an analogue for boxes of measurements with entangled eigenstates in quantum theory. Surprisingly, we find that no couplers exist for two binary-input/binary-output boxes, and hence that there is no analogue of entanglement-swapping for such boxes.

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We introduce a framework in which a variety of theories can be defined that share two features with quantum mechanics: the no-signalling principle for states, and the fact that the global state of a multi-partite system can be completely specified by correlations between local measurements on the individual subsystems. The aim is to investigate the relationships between the physical properties of these theories and the information processing possibilities that each one offers. One of these theories, which we call Generalised Non-Signalling Mechanics, includes states that can give rise to arbitrary non-signalling correlations, including the super-quantum correlations that have become known in the literature as non-local machines or PR boxes. By investigating these correlations in the context of a theory with well-defined dynamics, we hope to make further progress with a question raised by Popescu and Rohrlich: why does quantum mechanics not allow these strongly non-local correlations? We show that the existence of strongly non-local correlations forces much of the dynamics in this theory to be, in a certain sense, trivial, with consequences for teleportation, cryptography and computation. We also investigate another theory, which we call Generalised Local Mechanics, since all states in this theory are local. This has its own consequences for cryptography and computation. Finally, we raise the question of what further axiom(s) could be added to our framework in order uniquely to identify quantum mechanics.

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Understanding quantum non-locality through pseudo-telepathy game

Samir Kunkri

Usually by quantum non‐locality we mean that quantum mechanics can not be replaced by local realistic theory. On the other hand this nonlocal feature of quantum mechanics can not be used for instantaneous communication and hence it respect Einstein’s special theory of relativity. But still it is not trivial as proved by various quantum information processing using entangled states. Recently there have been studies of hypothetical non‐local system again respecting no‐signalling which is beyond quantum mechanics. Here we study the power of such a hypothetical nonlocal box first suggested by Popescu et.al. in the context of recently suggested pseudo‐telepathy game constructed from a Kochen‐Specker set.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2006•0 citations
By studying generalized non-signalling theories, the hope is to find out what makes quantum mechanics so special. In the present paper, we revisit the paradigmatic model of non-signalling boxes and introduce the concept of a genuine box. This will allow us to present the first generalized non-signalling model featuring quantum-like dynamics. In particular, we present the coupler, a device enabling non-locality swapping, the analogue of quantum entanglement swapping, as well as teleportation. Remarkably, part of the boundary between quantum and post-quantum correlations emerges in our study.
By studying generalized nonsignaling theories, the hope is to find out what makes quantum mechanics so special. In the present Letter, we revisit the paradigmatic model of nonsignaling boxes and introduce the concept of a genuine box. This will allow us to present the first generalized nonsignaling model featuring quantumlike dynamics. In particular, we present the coupler, a device enabling nonlocality swapping, the analogue of quantum entanglement swapping, as well as teleportation. Remarkably, part of the boundary between quantum and post-quantum correlations emerges in our study.
Studying generalized non-signaling theories brings insight into the foundations of quantum mechanics. Here we focus on a dynamical process in such general theories, namely non-locality swapping, the analogue of quantum entanglement swapping. In order to implement such a protocol, one needs to define a coupler , which performs the equivalent of quantum joint measurements on generalized 'box-like' states. Establishing a connection to Bell inequalities, we define consistent couplers for theories containing an arbitrary amount of non-locality, which leads us to introduce the concepts of perfect and minimal couplers. Remarkably, Tsirelson's bound for quantum non-locality naturally appears in our study.
Here we introduce the concept of classical input – quantum output (C-Q) non-signalling boxes, a generalisation of the classical input – classical output (C-C) non-signalling boxes. We argue that studying such objects leads to a better understanding of the relation between quantum nonlocality and non-locality beyond quantum mechanics. The main issue discussed in the paper is whether there exist 'genuine' C-Q boxes or all C-Q boxes can be built from objects already known, namely C-C boxes acting on pre-shared entangled quantum particles. We show that large classes of C-Q boxes are non-genuine. In particular, we show that all bi-partite C-Q boxes with outputs that are pure states are non-genuine. We also present various strategies for addressing the general problem, i.e. for multi-partite C-Q boxes which output mixed states, whose answer is still open. Finally, we show that even some very simple non-genuine C-Q boxes require large amounts of C-C nonlocal correlations in order to simulate them.
We consider an analogue of entanglement-swapping for a set of black boxes with the most general non-local correlations consistent with relativity (including correlations which are stronger than any attainable in quantum theory). In an attempt to incorporate this phenomenon, we consider expanding the space of objects to include not only correlated boxes, but `couplers', which are an analogue for boxes of measurements with entangled eigenstates in quantum theory. Surprisingly, we find that no couplers exist for two binary-input/binary-output boxes, and hence that there is no analogue of entanglement-swapping for such boxes.
We introduce a framework in which a variety of theories can be defined that share two features with quantum mechanics: the no-signalling principle for states, and the fact that the global state of a multi-partite system can be completely specified by correlations between local measurements on the individual subsystems. The aim is to investigate the relationships between the physical properties of these theories and the information processing possibilities that each one offers. One of these theories, which we call Generalised Non-Signalling Mechanics, includes states that can give rise to arbitrary non-signalling correlations, including the super-quantum correlations that have become known in the literature as non-local machines or PR boxes. By investigating these correlations in the context of a theory with well-defined dynamics, we hope to make further progress with a question raised by Popescu and Rohrlich: why does quantum mechanics not allow these strongly non-local correlations? We show that the existence of strongly non-local correlations forces much of the dynamics in this theory to be, in a certain sense, trivial, with consequences for teleportation, cryptography and computation. We also investigate another theory, which we call Generalised Local Mechanics, since all states in this theory are local. This has its own consequences for cryptography and computation. Finally, we raise the question of what further axiom(s) could be added to our framework in order uniquely to identify quantum mechanics.
Usually by quantum non‐locality we mean that quantum mechanics can not be replaced by local realistic theory. On the other hand this nonlocal feature of quantum mechanics can not be used for instantaneous communication and hence it respect Einstein’s special theory of relativity. But still it is not trivial as proved by various quantum information processing using entangled states. Recently there have been studies of hypothetical non‐local system again respecting no‐signalling which is beyond quantum mechanics. Here we study the power of such a hypothetical nonlocal box first suggested by Popescu et.al. in the context of recently suggested pseudo‐telepathy game constructed from a Kochen‐Specker set.