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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Experimental Demonstration of a 10-Mbit/s Quantum Link using Data Encoding on Orthogonal Laguerre-Gaussian Modes

Kai Pang, Cong Liu, Guodong Xie, Yongxiong Ren, Zhe Zhao, Runzhou Zhang, Yinwen Cao, Jiapeng Zhao, Long Li, Haoqian Song, Hao Ran Song, Moshe Tur, Robert W. Boyd, Alan Eli Willner

Published Jan 1, 2018• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally investigate the performance of a quantum communication link using Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with different radial indices. Quantum symbol error rate (QSER) <5% is achieved at an encoding rate of 10 Mbits/s.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2018.ftu3g.4

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We experimentally demonstrate a 10 Mbit/s free-space quantum communication link using data encoding on orthogonal Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes with the same azimuthal index but different radial indices. Data encoding on two LGℓp modes (i.e., for ℓ=0, we encode [“0”, “1”] as [p=0, p=1], and for ℓ=1, we encode [“0”, “1”] as [p=0, p=1]) is demonstrated by employing directly modulated laser diodes and helical phase holograms. The quantum symbol error rate (QSER) of <5% is achieved at an encoding rate of 10 Mbit/s. Moreover, the influence of the circle radius (R) of the receiver phase pattern on registered photon rates and QSERs is investigated. Our results show that a receiver phase pattern whose R does not match the beam size of the LG modes would induce higher cross talk between the two encoded quantum branches.
The dimension of the state space for information encoding offered by the transverse structure of light is usually limited by the finite size of apertures. The widely used orbital angular momentum (OAM) number of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes in free-space communications cannot achieve the theoretical maximum transmission capacity unless the radial degree of freedom is multiplexed into the protocol. While the methodology to sort the radial quantum number has been developed, the application of radial modes in quantum communications requires an additional ability to efficiently measure the superposition of LG modes in the mutually unbiased basis. Here we develop and implement a generic mode sorter that is capable of sorting the superposition of LG modes through the use of a mode converter. As a consequence, we demonstrate an 8-dimensional quantum key distribution experiment involving all three transverse degrees of freedom: spin, azimuthal, and radial quantum numbers of photons. Our protocol presents an important step towards the goal of reaching the capacity limit of a free-space link and can be useful to other applications that involve spatial modes of photons.
Bessel-Gaussian (BG) modes possess unique characteristics that have been exploited in the classical world and which may also offer advantages over other modes in the quantum regime. The easily adjustable radial scale of BG modes provides a more favourable basis of orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement over Laguerre- Gaussian (LG) modes, where the radial dependence is often ignored. We demonstrate high-dimensional entanglement with the BG modes and show a higher fidelity than the LG modes. We use the reconstruction property of BG modes to recover the degree of entanglement of our quantum state after encountering an obstruction. By moving the obstruction along the path of propagation of the entangled photon pairs, we quantitatively show a increase in the degree of entanglement as the obstruction was moved beyond that minimum distance.