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International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS)

New quantum secure key exchange protocols based on MaTRU

Sedat Akleylek, Nurşah Kaya

Published Mar 1, 2018• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose two new quantum secure key exchange protocols based on MaTRU. These protocols differ on the key agreement phase. They use ephemeral keys, i.e., they satisfy perfect forward secrecy property. We also give the parameter choices for the proposed key exchange protocols for different security levels. Then, we compare them with NTRU-KE in view of the number of required arithmetic operations.

DOI
10.1109/isdfs.2018.8355362

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In this paper, we propose two new quantum secure key exchange protocols based on MaTRU. These protocols differ on the key agreement phase. They use ephemeral keys, i.e., they satisfy perfect forward secrecy property. We also give the parameter choices for the proposed key exchange protocols for different security levels. Then, we compare them with NTRU-KE in view of the number of required arithmetic operations.
Summary We propose a quantum ‐resistant key exchange protocol based on hard problems of lattices using MaTRU cryptosystem as an underlying scheme. A key exchange protocol based on NTRU cryptosystem given by Lie et al is not secure against man‐in‐the‐middle (MITM) attack. To remove this failure and provide a secure protocol, our protocol uses a trusted third party (TTP). Additionally, our protocol is better than NTRU‐KE on efficiency and security point of view. In this paper, we propose key exchange protocol with TTP and without TTP, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of both schemes.
Summary Quantum attack–resistant cryptosystems are required for secure communication since there is a big demand to have quantum computers. Lattice‐based cryptography is one of the quantum‐secure families due to its key/ciphertext sizes and performance. NTRU‐based cryptosystems, a member of lattice‐based cryptosystems, have received much more attention. MaTRU, a noncommutative version of NTRU with some matrix properties, is used to obtain a key exchange protocol in 2018. In this paper, we focus on MaTRU‐based key exchange protocols having CCA2 properties. We propose CCA2‐secure versions of MaTRU‐KE and then provide a security analysis of CCA2‐secure key establishment protocols. We also provide a comparison with the previous ones.
Abstract. Public key exchange protocol is identified as an important application in the field of public-key cryptography. Most of the existing public key exchange schemes are Diffie-Hellman (DH)-type, whose security is based on DH problems over different group-s. Note that there exists Shor’s polynomial-time algorithm to solve these DH problems when a quantum computer is available, we are therefore motivated to seek for a non-DH-type and quantum resistant key exchange protocol. To this end, we turn our attention to lattice-based cryptography. The higher methodology behind our roadmap is that in anal-ogy to the link between ElGamal, DSA, and DH, one should expect a NTRU lattice-based key exchange primitive in related to NTRU-ENCRYPT and NTRU-SIGN. However, this excepted key exchange protocol is not presented yet and still missing. In this paper, this missing key exchange protocol is found, hereafter referred to as NTRU-KE, which is stud-ied in aspects of security and key-mismatch failure. In comparison with ECDH (Elliptic Curve-based Diffie-Hellman), NTRU-KE features faster computation speed, resistance to quantum attack, and more communication overhead. Accordingly, we come to the conclu-sion that NTRU-KE is currently comparable with ECDH. However, decisive advantage of NTRU-KE will occur when quantum computers become a reality.
A key exchange protocol is an important primitive in the field of information and network security and is used to exchange a common secret key among various parties. A number of key exchange protocols exist in the literature and most of them are based on the Diffie-Hellman (DH) problem. But, these DH type protocols cannot resist to the modern computing technologies like quantum computing, grid computing etc. Therefore, a more powerful non-DH type key exchange protocol is required which could resist the quantum and exponential attacks. In the year 2013, Lei and Liao, thus proposed a lattice-based key exchange protocol. Their protocol was related to the NTRU-ENCRYPT and NTRU-SIGN and so, was referred as NTRU-KE. In this paper, we identify that NTRU-KE lacks the authentication mechanism and suffers from the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. This attack may lead to the forging the authenticated users and exchanging the wrong key.
This paper implements the concepts of perfect forward secrecy and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange using EPR pairs to establish and share a secret key between two non-authenticated parties and transfer messages between them without the risk of compromise. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. This makes BB84-based quantum cryptography protocol unsuitable for network computing environments. Diffie-Hellman does not require the two parties to be mutually authenticated to each other, yet it can provide a basis for a number of authenticated protocols, most notably the concept of perfect forward secrecy. The work proposed in this paper provides a new direction in utilizing quantum EPR pairs in quantum key exchange. Although, classical cryptography boasts of efficient and robust protocols like the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, in the current times, with the advent of quantum computing they are very much vulnerable to eavesdropping and cryptanalytic attacks. Using quantum cryptographic principles, however, these classical encryption algorithms show more promise and a more robust and secure structure for applications. The unique properties of quantum EPR pairs also, on the other hand, go a long way in removing attacks like eavesdropping by their inherent nature of one particle of the pair losing its state if a measurement occurs on the other. The concept of perfect forward secrecy is revisited in this paper to attribute tighter security to the proposed protocol.
The rise of Web 3.0 has propelled the Internet to new heights of development. However, post-quantum protocols are in high demand to ensure the utmost security to keep pace with the advancements. Our solution is upgrading the traditional synchronous authenticated identity identification and key agreement protocol. Specifically, we have developed an asymmetric key version of the quantum-safe Needham-Schroeder protocol. The proposed protocol achieves forward secrecy, which the classical Needham-Schroeder lacks. Using the highly flexible universal composability framework (iUC), we have analyzed the security of the protocol and achieved mutual authentication and session key security for an unbounded number of sessions. Our informal security analysis confirms that the proposed protocol resists known attacks such as replay and masquerading. Besides, it satisfies security goals, including known-key secrecy and ephemeral secret key leakage. Our modular solution can upgrade practical applications that rely on the traditional Needham-Schroeder protocol and its derivatives to the post-quantum era.