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Physical Review X

Coupling Thermal Atomic Vapor to Slot Waveguides

Ralf Ritter, Nico Gruhler, Helge Dobbertin, Harald Kübler, Stefan Scheel, Wolfram H. P. Pernice, Tilman Pfau, Robert Löw

Published May 4, 2018• 50 citations
Publisher

Abstract

New experiments investigate the interaction between light and rubidium atoms in a slot waveguide, which could pave the way for more efficient coupling between light and atoms in on-chip atomic vapor cell applications.
DOI
10.1103/physrevx.8.021032

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Strong light-induced interactions between atoms are known to cause nonlinearities at a few-photon level, which are crucial for applications in quantum information processing. Compared to free space, the scattering and the light-induced dipolar interaction of atoms can be enhanced by a dielectric environment. For this Purcell effect, either a cavity or a waveguide can be used. Here, we combine the high densities achievable in thermal atomic vapors with an efficient coupling to a slot waveguide. In contrast to free-space interactions, atoms aligned within the slot exhibit repulsive interactions that are further enhanced by a factor of 8 due to the Purcell effect. The corresponding blueshift of the transition frequency of atoms arranged in the essentially one-dimensional geometry vanishes above the saturation, providing a controllable nonlinearity at the few-photon level. The experimental results are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations that include the dielectric environment, dipolar interactions, and motional effects. The results pave the way towards a robust scalable platform for quantum nonlinear optics and all-optical quantum information processing at room temperature.
This thesis presents rubidium packaging methods for integration using anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) on a planar chip. The atomic vapor ARROW confines light through rubidium vapor, increases the light-vapor interaction length, decreases the size of the atomic cell to chip scales, and opens up possibilities for waveguide systems on chips for additional optoelectronic devices. Rubidium vapor packaging for long-life times are essential for realizing feasibly useful devices. Considerations of outgassing, leaking and chemical compatibilities of materials in rubidium vapor cells lead to an all-metal design. The effect of these characteristics on the rubidium D2 line spectra is considered.
ABSTRACT Blue light emission from Rubidium (Rb) vapor cells is attractive for a myriad of applications, from quantum sensing and metrology to communication, quantum memories, and more. Typically, such emissions are observed from bulky free‐space glass cells. Here we experimentally demonstrate the generation of blue light from a chip‐scale optical waveguide integrated with rubidium vapor. The atomic ladder excitation using a combination of 780 and 776 nm light propagates through the Atomic Clad Waveguide (ACWG), directly interacting with Rubidium, emitting a photon at 420 nm and a matching photon at 5233 nm. The blue light emission is characterized and measured at elevated temperatures, up to 240°C. The results show a peculiar dependency of emission intensity as a function of temperature, wherein the emission intensity monotonically increases up to 200°C, followed by a pronounced roll‐off at higher temperatures. This is explained by a model that considers the reabsorption of emitted blue photons propagating along the optically thick Rubidium vapor. These results demonstrate a viable pathway for integrating nonlinear atomic vapor processes into chip‐scale quantum devices.