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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

Quantum Entanglement and Reduced Density Matrices

Agus Purwanto, Heru Sukamto, Lila Yuwana

Published May 7, 2018• 13 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10773-018-3764-9

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To find the criterion of a set of positive-definite matrices which can be written as reduced density matrices of a multipartite matrix is a hard and important problem. When the problem is concerned with multiparty density matrices, it is much more significant for computational many-body physics and many-body quantum entanglement which is one of the focuses of current quantum information theory. We give several results on the necessary compatibility relations between a set of two-party reduced density matrices and a global state in Hilbert space ${N}_{A}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{N}_{B}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{N}_{C}$ where NA{N}_{A}NA​, NB{N}_{B}NB​, and NC{N}_{C}NC​ are arbitrary.
It is a hard and important problem to find the criterion of a set of positive-definite matrices which can be written as reduced density operators of a multipartite global quantum state. This problem is closely related to the study of many-body quantum entanglement, which is one of the focuses of current quantum-information theory. We give several results on the necessary compatibility relations between a set of reduced and global density matrices, including (i) compatibility conditions for the one-party reduced density matrices of any $({N}_{A}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{N}_{B})$-dimensional bipartite mixed quantum state, (ii) compatibility conditions for the one-party reduced matrices of any MMM-partite quantum states with the dimension ${N}^{\ensuremath{\bigotimes}M}$, and (iii) compatibility conditions for the two-party reduced density matrixes of $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$-dimensional tripartite mixed quantum state.
We study the quantum entanglement caused by unitary operators that have classical limits that can range from the near integrable to the completely chaotic. Entanglement in the eigenstates and time-evolving arbitrary states is studied through the von Neumann entropy of the reduced density matrices. We demonstrate that classical chaos can lead to substantially enhanced entanglement. Conversely, entanglement provides a useful characterization of quantum states in higher-dimensional chaotic or complex systems. Information about eigenfunction localization is stored in a graded manner in the Schmidt vectors, and the principal Schmidt vectors can be scarred by the projections of classical periodic orbits onto subspaces. The eigenvalues of the reduced density matrices is sensitive to the degree of wave-function localization, and is roughly exponentially arranged. We also point out the analogy with decoherence, as reduced density matrices corresponding to subsystems of fully chaotic systems, are diagonally dominant.