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Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation

Adiabatic Connection without Coupling Constant Integration

Jefferson E. Bates, Niladri Sengupta, J. Sensenig, Adrienn Ruzsinszky

Published May 7, 2018• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using a second-order approximation to Random Phase Approximation renormalized (RPAr) many-body perturbation theory for the interacting density-density response function, we have developed a so-called higher-order terms (HOT) approximation for the correlation energy. In combination with the first-order RPAr correction, our new method faithfully captures the infinite-order correlation for a given exchange-correlation kernel, yielding errors of the total correlation energy on the order of 1% or less for most systems. For exchange-like kernels, our new method has the further benefit that the coupling-strength integration can be completely eliminated resulting in a modest reduction in computational cost compared to the traditional approach. When the correlation energy is accurately reproduced by the HOT approximation, structural properties and energy differences are also accurately reproduced, as we demonstrate for several periodic solids and some molecular systems. Energy differences involving fragmentation are challenging for the HOT method, however, due to errors that may not cancel between a composite system and its constituent pieces.

DOI
10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00067

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Using a second-order approximation to Random Phase Approximation renormalized (RPAr) many-body perturbation theory for the interacting density-density response function, we have developed a so-called higher-order terms (HOT) approximation for the correlation energy. In combination with the first-order RPAr correction, our new method faithfully captures the infinite-order correlation for a given exchange-correlation kernel, yielding errors of the total correlation energy on the order of 1% or less for most systems. For exchange-like kernels, our new method has the further benefit that the coupling-strength integration can be completely eliminated resulting in a modest reduction in computational cost compared to the traditional approach. When the correlation energy is accurately reproduced by the HOT approximation, structural properties and energy differences are also accurately reproduced, as we demonstrate for several periodic solids and some molecular systems. Energy differences involving fragmentation are challenging for the HOT method, however, due to errors that may not cancel between a composite system and its constituent pieces.
Based on the random phase approximation (RPA), RPA renormalization [J. E. Bates and F. Furche, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 171103 (2013)] is a robust many-body perturbation theory that works for molecules and materials because it does not diverge as the Kohn-Sham gap approaches zero. Additionally, RPA renormalization enables the simultaneous calculation of RPA and beyond-RPA correlation energies since the total correlation energy is the sum of a series of independent contributions. The first-order approximation (RPAr1) yields the dominant beyond-RPA contribution to the correlation energy for a given exchange-correlation kernel, but systematically underestimates the total beyond-RPA correction. For both the homogeneous electron gas model and real systems, we demonstrate numerically that RPA renormalization beyond first order converges monotonically to the infinite-order beyond-RPA correlation energy for several model exchange-correlation kernels and that the rate of convergence is principally determined by the choice of the kernel and spin polarization of the ground state. The monotonic convergence is rationalized from an analysis of the RPA renormalized correlation energy corrections, assuming the exchange-correlation kernel and response functions satisfy some reasonable conditions. For spin-unpolarized atoms, molecules, and bulk solids, we find that RPA renormalization is typically converged to 1 meV error or less by fourth order regardless of the band gap or dimensionality. Most spin-polarized systems converge at a slightly slower rate, with errors on the order of 10 meV at fourth order and typically requiring up to sixth order to reach 1 meV error or less. Slowest to converge, however, open-shell atoms present the most challenging case and require many higher orders to converge.
We have calculated the correlation energy of the homogeneous electron gas (HEG) and the dissociation energy curves of molecules with covalent bonds from an efficient implementation of the adiabatic connection fluctuation dissipation expression including the exact-exchange (EXX) kernel. The EXX kernel is defined from first-order perturbation theory and used in the Dyson equation of time-dependent density-functional theory. Within this approximation (RPAx), the correlation energies of the HEG are significantly improved with respect to the random phase approximation (RPA) up to densities of the order of ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\approx}10$. However, beyond this value, the RPAx response function exhibits an unphysical divergence and the approximation breaks down. Total energies of molecules at equilibrium are also highly accurate, but we find a similar instability at stretched geometries. Staying within an exact first-order approximation to the response function, we use an alternative resummation of the higher-order terms. This slight redefinition of RPAx fixes the instability in total energy calculations without compromising the overall accuracy of the approach.
New methods to efficiently calculate energetics and first order-properties for mean-field and correlated electronic structure theories are presented. In linear-scaling short-range hybrid calculations new integral screening criteria exploiting the locality of the attenuated Coulomb operator are introduced that allow to significantly increase the performance of these density functionals. This enables short-range hybrid calculations at a similar cost as pure semi-local density functional theory (DFT) calculations with increased accuracy due to the admixture of exchange. At the level of correlated electronic structure theory, the realm of systems which can be calculated with a linear-scaling random-phase-approximation (RPA) method is extended with a novel multi-node parallel algorithm. Furthermore, more efficient quadrature schemes are used based on the equivalence of the employed integral transforms with the Fourier transform of the non-interacting polarizability. In combination with a new way to introduce Cholesky orbitals this results in a more effient and numerically more accurate linear-scaling RPA correlation energy method with improved memory requirements. Combining these techniques further with an approach to calculate analytical first order properties using quantities from many body perturbation theory, allows to present a low-scaling method that gives access to RPA gradients for molecular systems with several hundred atoms. Moreover linear- and low-scaling methods to calculate different beyond RPA correlation energies are devised, exploiting the locality of exchange type contractions. This enables to apply these more accurate RPA methods to significantly larger systems, which allows to demonstrate the gain in accuracy for large, dispersion dominated systems. The newly developed methods extend the scope of RPA and RPA with exchange correlation energies, and first order RPA properties significantly, while the accuracy is under full numerical control. Furthermore, there is no overhead to the respective canonical algorithm, making the presented methods competitive also for small system sizes. Finally, a new beyond RPA scheme is presented that combines the benefits of plain RPA and RPA with second-order screened exchange, leading to a more balanced, highly accurate post Kohn-Sham method.
We derive a renormalized many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) starting from the random phase approximation (RPA). This RPA-renormalized perturbation theory extends the scope of single-reference MBPT methods to small-gap systems without significantly increasing the computational cost. The leading correction to RPA, termed the approximate exchange kernel (AXK), substantially improves upon RPA atomization energies and ionization potentials without affecting other properties such as barrier heights where RPA is already accurate. Thus, AXK is more balanced than second-order screened exchange [A. Grüneis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 154115 (2009)], which tends to overcorrect RPA for systems with stronger static correlation. Similarly, AXK avoids the divergence of second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) theory for small gap systems and delivers a much more consistent performance than MP2 across the periodic table at comparable cost. RPA+AXK thus is an accurate, non-empirical, and robust tool to assess and improve semi-local density functional theory for a wide range of systems previously inaccessible to first-principles electronic structure calculations.
We formulate an adiabatic connection for the exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix fluctuation. This connection opens new channels for density functional approximations based on pairing interactions. Even the simplest approximation to the pairing matrix fluctuation, the particle-particle random phase approximation (pp-RPA), has some highly desirable properties. It has no delocalization error with a nearly linear energy behavior for systems with fractional charges, describes van der Waals interactions similarly and thermodynamic properties significantly better than particle-hole RPA, and eliminates static correlation error for single-bond systems. Most significantly, the pp-RPA is the first known functional that has an explicit and closed-form dependence on the occupied and unoccupied orbitals and captures the energy derivative discontinuity in strongly correlated systems. These findings illustrate the potential of including pairing interactions within a density functional framework.
Using Green's-function many-body theory, we present the details of a formally exact adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation density-functional theory based on range separation, which was sketched in Toulouse et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 096404 (2009)]. Range-separated density-functional theory approaches combining short-range density-functional approximations with long-range random-phase approximations (RPAs) are then obtained as well-identified approximations on the long-range Green's-function self-energy. Range-separated RPA-type schemes with or without long-range Hartree-Fock exchange response kernel are assessed on rare-gas and alkaline-earth-metal dimers and compared to range-separated second-order perturbation theory and range-separated coupled-cluster theory.