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New quantum simulations with ultracold Ytterbium gases

Lorenzo Francesco Livi

Published Feb 7, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In recent years, the unprecedented experimental control of the laws of quantum mechanics has led to the so-called quantum technology revolution, a terminology adopted to refer to the applications in which quantum properties play a prominent role. Also the fundamental physics has benefited from these advancements with the development of quantum simulators, controlled quantum platforms engineered in such a way to emulate the physics of complex systems difficult to investigate with classical approaches. The present work deals with the simulation of some fundamental properties of quantum-Hall systems by means of degenerate fermionic Ytterbium atoms confined in artificial periodic potentials. Extreme regimes, inaccessible to real solid-state system, have been explored, paving the way to the observation of exotic phases of matter.

DOI
10.36253/978-88-6453-989-8

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In recent years, the unprecedented experimental control of the laws of quantum mechanics has led to the so-called quantum technology revolution, a terminology adopted to refer to the applications in which quantum properties play a prominent role. Also the fundamental physics has benefited from these advancements with the development of quantum simulators, controlled quantum platforms engineered in such a way to emulate the physics of complex systems difficult to investigate with classical approaches. The present work deals with the simulation of some fundamental properties of quantum-Hall systems by means of degenerate fermionic Ytterbium atoms confined in artificial periodic potentials. Extreme regimes, inaccessible to real solid-state system, have been explored, paving the way to the observation of exotic phases of matter.
Since the first proposal of quantum simulation by Richard Feynman in 1982, multiple platforms have been explored to probe the behaviour of subatomic particles, exploiting the intrinsic nature of quantum systems. As one of the most promising candidates to realise large-scale simulation, quantum simulators with ultracold gases have attracted unprecedented attention. Featuring novel detection possibilities, a high degree of controllability and the extreme physical parameter regimes that can be reached in these ‘artificial solids’, quantum simulation with ultracold atoms has progressively matured to the point that it can be used to study exotic quantum phenomena. This review presents the theoretical fundamentals and recent advances in related technology and offers comment on future directions.
Remarkable advances in cooling and manipulating atomic gases have opened up new avenues to explore fundamental concepts in quantum many-body physics. Synthetically created potentials and control of atom-atom interactions have made it possible to tailor the properties of experimental systems at a microscopic level. This led to the concept of quantum simulation - here a system capable of reproducing the physics of many-body Hamiltonians. One of the goals of this approach is to provide answers to open questions in the context of condensed matter physics. An equally important frontier is the construction of novel systems, which may at present not be realizable in solid-state or other systems, allowing it to conquer new areas of physics. This path leads to new questions and surprises.
Recent development of cooling and manipulating Ytterbium atoms opens a new avenue to investigate unprecedented atomic systems with SU(N) spin symmetry and orbital degrees of freedom. The available metastable states and narrow-line optical transitions of Ytterbium atoms allow for the versatile control of the system. Here, we first describe our apparatus for producing ultracold Ytterbium-173 quantum gases in an optical lattice. A gas of 3 × 104 Ytterbium173 atoms is routinely produced at T /TF ∼ 0.3, and loaded into an optical lattice potential. Then we report our recent progress on the spin orbital (SO) coupling interaction realized in optical lattice. As a novel quantum simulator, cold Ytterbium atoms with SO coupling provide a platform to explore the intriguing topological physics.
Advances in cooling and trapping of atoms have enabled unprecedented experimental control of many-body quantum systems.This led to the observation of numerous quantum phenomena, important for fundamental science, indispensable for high-precision simulations of condensed-matter systems and promising for technological applications.However, transport measurements in neutral quantum gases are still in their infancy in contrast to the central role they play in electronics.In these lectures, after reviewing nascent experiments on quantum fermionic transport, I will focus on our theoretical prediction and the possibility of experimental observations of qualitatively new phenomena in transport of ultracold bosons which do not have a direct counterpart in quantum electronic transport in condensed matter systems.The description of this transport is based on the Luttinger liquid theory.So in the first part of the lectures I will introduce main concepts of the Luttinger liquid based on the functional bosonisation approach.
Ultracold atoms in an optical lattice provide a unique approach to study quantum many-body systems, previously only possible by using condensed-matter experimental systems. This new approach, often called quantum simulation, becomes possible because of the high controllability of the system parameters and the inherent cleanness without lattice defects and impurities. In this article, we review recent developments in this rapidly growing field of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, with special focus on quantum simulations using our newly created quantum many-body system of two-electron atoms of ytterbium. In addition, we also mention other interesting possibilities offered by this novel experimental platform, such as applications to precision measurements for studying fundamental physics and a Rydberg atom quantum computation.
Summary form only given. Over the past years, ultracold quantum gases have offered remarkable opportunities to investigate quantum matter through new probing techniques and in previously unexplored regimes. They can in fact be seen as one of the first realizations of Richard Feynman's visionary concept of a quantum simulator offering far-reaching possibilities to engineer new phases of matter.In my talk, I will give an overview over some of the recent scientific highlights in the field. For example, I will explain how atoms can be imaged in optical lattices with single-site and single-atom resolution thereby allowing one to obtain single snapshots of a quantum many-body systems, where every individual atom of the system can be detected. Such high-resolution imaging has enabled our group to directly probe quantum fluctuations and reveal hidden order in a many-body setting. Having such high resolution at hand, it has also been possible to address and coherently control individual atoms, thereby allowing one to realize single atom impurities that can be tracked in a time resolved way during their propagation through a complex correlated quantum system. By making use of adiabatic state evolution in quantum mechanics or laser induced hopping in optical lattices, it has now also become possible to realize artificial magnetic fields for neutral particles. The field strengths that can be achieved for such systems can by far surpass even the strongest fields from the most powerful magnets on earth and allow one to probe quantum matter under the most extreme conditions.